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The main objective of the present study is to investigate the impact of social context as well as intimacy and distance on the choice of forms of address in Persian. However, as secondary objective, variation in the use of address forms according to social characteristics of the speakers will also be studied. The hypothesis is that variations in the forms of address are related not only to age, sex, and social class characteristics of the interlocutors but also to the setting, intimacy, and social distance. The results of the data analysis indicate that the use of intimate terms of address is inversely proportional to social distance and the formality of context. That is, as social distance and degree of formality of context increase, the frequency of familiar terms of address decreases. It was also found that in informal familial situations age is more signi®cant than sex and social class in determining forms of address. However, under formal circumstances, sex is a stronger determiner in the use of address forms.

Education is one of the main sectors that has been drastically affected by COVID-19 pandemic worldwide. In this paper, after providing a brief background about the global impact of Coronavirus pandemic on different spheres of life, the effect of COVID-19 on education, in general, and higher education, in particular, will be discussed. Then, different types of online educational models will be reviewed. Next, the advantages and disadvantages of face-to-face classroom instruction versus online education will be elaborated on. Finally, a model for post-pandemic higher education will be proposed and delineated.