The prefrontal cortex is the largest lobe of the brain and is consequently involved in stroke. There is no comprehensive practical pharmacological strategy for ameliorating prefrontal cortex injury induced by cerebral ischemia. Therefore, we studied the neuroprotective properties of verapamil (Ver) on mitochondrial dysfunction and morphological features of apoptosis in transient global ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Ninety-six Wistar rats were allocated into four groups: control, I/R, I/R+Ver (10 mg/kg twice 1 hour prior to ischemia and 1 hour after reperfusion phase), and I/R+NaCl (vehicle). Animals were sacrificed, and mitochondrial dysfunction parameters (i.e., mitochondrial swelling, mitochondrial membrane potential, ATP concentration, ROS production, and cytochrome c release), antioxidant defense (i.e., superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and caspase-3 activation), and morphological features of apoptosis were determined. The results showed that mitochondrial damage, impairment of antioxidant defense system, and apoptosis were significantly more prevalent in the I/R group in comparison with the other groups. Ver decreased mitochondrial damage by reducing oxidative stress, augmented the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the brain, and decreased apoptosis in the I/R neurons. The current study confirmed the role of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in I/R progression and indicated the possible antioxidative mechanism of the neuroprotective activities of Ver.
Background: Resveratrol is a phenolic natural product which is found in red grapes also in Japanese knotweed root (Polygonum cuspidatum). Naringenin is one of the flavonoid compounds found in landing grape and other citrus fruits. Both agents exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Objective: In this study, we investigated the effect of Resveratrol and Naringenin in an in vitro model of retinoblastoma of the eye. Method: XTT and trypan blue assays used to evaluate the anti-proliferative/cytotixic effect of resveratrol and naringenin in Y79 cells. By the aid of AnnexinV/PI flow cytometry the kind of cell death investigated. To asses important gene expression level at mRNA level involve in apoptosis, Real-time PCR utilized. Results: Naringenin and resveratrol significantly decreased proliferation and stimulated cell death (mostly apoptosis) in Y79 cells at 50 and 100 (μg/ml) after 24 and 48 hours. More cytotoxic effect observed after 48 hours. Furthermore expression level of Bax and Bcl2 mRNAs altered significantly in all samples treated with 50 (μg/ml) of naringenin, resveratrol, or simultaneously with both. P21 mRNAs expression altered in all mentioned samples except those treated with 50 (μg/ml) of resveratrol. Results: Naringenin and resveratrol significantly decreased proliferation and stimulated cell death (mostly apoptosis) in Y79 cells at 50 and 100 (μg/ml) after 24 and 48 hours. More cytotoxic effect observed after 48 hours. Furthermore expression level of Bax and Bcl2 mRNAs altered significantly in all samples treated with 50 (μg/ml) of naringenin, resveratrol, or simultaneously with both. P21 mRNAs expression altered in all mentioned samples except those treated with 50 (μg/ml) of resveratrol. Conclusion: Based on the results, it can be concluded that resveratrol and naringenin can decrease cell viability in retinoblastoma cells in an in vitro dose/time-dependent manner. Albeit more studies needed to shed the light on the mechanism of action, our data reveals a potential synergistic cytotoxic effect of naringenin and resveratrol on Y79 cells in 48 hours.
During the last months of the coronavirus pandemic, with all those public restrictions and health interventions, the transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) appears now to have been raised in some countries around the world. Iran was one of those first countries facing the second wave of coronavirus, due to the lack of appropriate public restrictions because of economic problems the country is facing. The clinical and demographic characteristics of severe cases and non-severe cases of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in 192 patients in Tehran, Iran, between June 16 and July 11, 2020, were investigated. The patients were divided into severe cases (n = 82) and non-severe cases (n = 110). Demographic and clinical characteristics were compared between the two study clusters. The mean age was 54.6 ± 17.2 years, and the most common presenting symptom was persistent cough (81.8%) and fever (79.7%). The logistic regression model revealed that age, BMI, and affected family members were statistically associated with severity. Patients with complicated conditions of disorders faced more hospitalization days and medical care than the average statistical data. As the coronavirus spike in the case and death reports from June 2020, we observed the rise in the incidence of severe cases, where 42.7% (82/192) of cases have resulted in severe conditions. Our findings also suggested that the effect of IFB (Betamethasone) was more valid than the other alternative drugs such as LPV/r and IVIg.
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