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This study examined the energy use, greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and the relationship between energy inputs and yield of cotton production in Iran. Data were collected randomly from 57 cotton farms using a face to face questionnaire. The results revealed the total energy of 31 237 MJ ha À1 which fertilizer, diesel fuel, and machinery were the main energy consuming inputs. Total GHG emission was 1195 kg CO 2eq ha À1 , and machinery, diesel fuel, and irrigation had the highest emissions. Energy ratio and energy productivity were 1.85 and 0.11 kg MJ À1 , respectively. In order to explore the relationship between inputs and outputs, the Cobb-Douglas production function was applied and it was deduced that machinery, fertilizer, diesel fuel, and biocide energies had significant effect on cotton yield. Also, the results of marginal physical productivity technique indicated that an additional use of 1 MJ ha À1 from each of the biocide, machinery, and diesel fuel would lead to an increase in production by 1.68, 0.45, and 0.38 kg ha À1 , respectively. The share of direct, indirect, renewable, and non-renewable energies was 40%, 60%, 29%, and 71%, respectively. V C 2012 American Institute of Physics.

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Physico-chemical properties of Iranian Moringa peregrina seeds were studied at moisture content of 4.40% wet basis. Some oil quality properties of the seeds were also examined. Physical properties of the seeds and kernels in terms of linear dimensions, mass, volume, sphericity, surface area, true and bulk densities, porosity, repose angle, shell ratio, terminal velocity and static coefficient of friction on various surfaces were determined. The proximate analysis of seeds showed the following composition: 4.4% moisture, 2.7% ash, 55.7% fat, 23.4% protein and 14.8% carbohydrate. The results of mineral analysis demonstrated that M. peregrina seeds contained considerable amounts of macro and micro elements. Gas chromatography analysis indicated that oleic acid (77.9%) is the dominant fatty acid in seed oil followed by palmitic acid (9.3%), stearic acid (3.5%) and behenic acid (2.6%). Also, the seed oil had low levels of acids (0.06%), iodine (91.70 mg/g), peroxide (0.66 meq O 2 /kg), conjugated dienes (K 232 =1.77) and conjugated trienes (K 270 =0.72). The stability, unsaponifiable matter and saponification value of oil were 10.1 h at 120 °C, 0.32 g/kg oil and 179.3 mg KOH/g, respectively. Moreover, the oil refractive index, viscosity and density were 1.4621, 52.05 mPa•s and 0.9092 g/cm 3 , respectively.