Background: Prunella vulgaris, family Lamiaceae also known as self-heal, has been traditionally used as an expectorant, anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic, and anti-rheumatic. Due to widespread distribution of the plant, Vulgaris is also called ‘vulgar’ in Latin adjective meaning common. Objective: The objective of this review was to describe the relevant aspects of phytochemistry and therapeutic uses of different fractions as well as isolated compounds from Prunella vulgaris. An attempt was also made to enumerate the possible leads e.g. betulinic acid, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, umbelliferone, scopoletin, esculetin, luteolin, homoorientin, Rosmarinic acid and cinaroside for further development. Method: For peer-reviewed research literature, we undertook a structured search of bibliographic databases using a focused review question. Scientific databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were used Results: Phytochemistry of Prunella vulgaris (PV) after a thorough literature survey revealed varied and copious metabolites, such as triterpenoids, phenolic acid, sterols, carbohydrates, coumarins, fatty acids, and volatile oils. Many of these compounds have been found to possess wide range of biological activity per se, including anti-microbial, immunosuppressive, anti-cancer, cardio-protective, anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory. Conclusion: Prunella vulgaris is a medicinal plant of immense medicinal importance having a variety of compounds such as such as triterpenoids, phenolic acid, sterols, carbohydrates, coumarins, fatty acids, and volatile oils and diversity in pharmacological spectrum. The plant could be further exploited, to isolate the various biologically active constituents responsible for its activity.
A new TEMPO-mediated electrochemical method has been developed for N-demethylation of opiates using a home-made batch cell with low-cost porous glassy carbon electrodes. Ndemethylation of opiates such as thebaine, codeine, morphine and oxycodone is a key step in the semi-synthesis of opioid medicines. The electrochemical N-demethylation using TEMPO as mediator enables the synthesis of noropiates, which is not possible with conventional Shono oxidation. Electrolysis was performed at a preparative scale in aqueous solvent at room temperature in a single step, yielding the desired products in good isolated yields (up to 83 %). Mechanistic studies suggest that the electrochemically generated oxoammonium species oxidizes the opiate to an iminium intermediate, which then hydrolyzes to the noropiate. The electrochemical reaction was also performed in a flow-cell without a supporting electrolyte and represents the first electrochemical N-demethylation of difficult opiates with an aminoxyl oxidant.
Flavoenzymes are oxidoreductases that catalyze an extensive range of different types of reactions.An advanced and powerful approach to achieving transformations that are normally outside the realm of flavoenzymes is the synergistic combination of photocatalysis and biocatalysis. Here we report the identification of a promiscuous flavin-dependent nitroreductase, BaNTR1, that is able to promote enantioselective photobiocatalytic reductions of a broad range of structurally diverse ketones to yield the corresponding alcohols with high conversion (up to >99%) and outstanding enantiopurity (up to >99:1 e.r). Noteworthy, BaNTR1 was able to promote the photoenzymatic reduction of various α,ßunsaturated ketones to give the corresponding optically pure alcohols without reducing the C=C or C≡C bond, illustrating its remarkably high chemoselectivity. Our results highlight the usefulness of photocatalysis for expanding the catalytic repertoire of nitroreductases to include highly enantio-and chemoselective reductions of non-native ketone substrates to produce optically pure alcohols. This includes difficult to prepare allyl alcohols that are not accessible via photoenzymatic conversions using ene-reductases.
The incidence of Tuberculosis (TB) is baffling in developing countries due to the increase in multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant TB. Therefore, drugs acting through different mechanisms are in dire need to counter the resistant strains. Various chemical scaffolds are being investigated against tuberculosis, among them the molecules containing phenothiazine nucleus are found to be more effective against both susceptible and resistant strains of M. tuberculosis. In addition, the efficacy of first-line drugs has been found to be enhanced on supplementary treatment with phenothiazines. The present review provides an overview of the phenothiazine based molecules which were investigated during the last ten years for their anti-tubercular activity.
Inula racemosa Hook. F (Asteraceae) commonly known as Pushkaramula is a well documented Indian medicinal plant. Pushkarmula is one of the herbs mentioned in all Ayurvedic scriptures. It possesses various synonyms like kasari-an enemy of cough, sulahara -pain killer, sughandhikafragrant etc. The great sage Charaka has categorized it as hikkanigrahanastops hiccup and svasaharaalleviates the breathlessness, asthma. It is also best medicament for pleurisy along with cough and asthma. Pushkarmula is highly acclaimed to be the drug of choice for pleurisy (parsvasula). It has also anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular, hypoglycemic, antianginal, analgesic and antibacterial properties. Many of these ethnomedicinal properties have been experimentally proven in different animal models. This article is an attempt to collect and review all the data concerning systemic scientific study of ethnopharmacology of I. racemosa, its isolated phytoconstituents and bioactivity of extracts as well as isolated compounds from the plant.
Background: Great Mullein; Verbascum thapsus has been traditionally used as an analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, spasmolytic, astringent, diuretic, emollient, expectorant piles, bruises and frostbites in Greece, Western United States, Rome, India, Turkey, Italy, and Pakistan. Objective: The aim of the present review is to summarize ethnopharmacology and past/recent studies on phytochemistry, plant profile, botany and pharmacological profile of V. thapsus. The review also updates related information regarding the potential therapeutic targets and new metabolites isolated from V. thapsus. Methods: All the information was supplied by the library database and electronic search (Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed, ResearchGate, etc.). In addition, all the synonyms of V. thapsus were searched in Non-English journals and English/Non-English- MS and PhD thesis databases (e.g., CKNI-China, JAIRO-Japan, Shodhganga-India, Myto-Malaysia, etc.). Thorough literature survey on V. thapsus revealed compounds like glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, and terpenoids that have previously been reported and new compounds under these chemical classes and other classes have also been reported. Conclusion: Based on the literature survey, many of these isolated compounds or different extracts of V. thapsus possess a wide range of biological activity including but not limited to, antioxidant, wound-healing, antimicrobial, antiviral, anticancer, cytotoxic, antihyperlipidemic, anti-germination, hepatoprotective and nephroprotective activity.
Chiral dihydrobenzoxazinones and dihydroquinoxalinones serve as essential building blocks for pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. Here, we report short chemoenzymatic synthesis routes for the facile preparation of these complex heterocycles in an optically pure form. These synthetic routes involve a highly stereoselective hydroamination step catalyzed by ethylenediamine- N , N′- disuccinic acid lyase (EDDS lyase). This enzyme is capable of catalyzing the asymmetric addition of various substituted 2-aminophenols to fumarate to give a broad range of substituted N- (2-hydroxyphenyl)- l -aspartic acids with excellent enantiomeric excess (ee up to >99%). This biocatalytic hydroamination step was combined with an acid-catalyzed esterification–cyclization sequence to convert the enzymatically generated noncanonical amino acids into the desired dihydrobenzoxazinones in good overall yield (up to 63%) and high optical purity (ee up to >99%). By means of a similar one-pot, two-step chemoenzymatic approach, enantioenriched dihydroquinoxalinones (ee up to >99%) were prepared in good overall yield (up to 78%) using water as solvent for both steps. These chemoenzymatic methodologies offer attractive alternative routes to challenging dihydrobenzoxazinones and dihydroquinoxalinones, starting from simple and commercially available achiral building blocks.
Objectives: To compare patients who received spinal anaesthesia and didn't use pillow in post-op period with those who used pillows and those who mobilised and with those who received general anaesthesia for the development of dural headache, and also neck and back pain. Design: Experimental. Place & Duration of: The study was conducted at the Bone and Joint hospital in Srinagar over a period of 3 months. Study Patients and Methods: This study compared 201 post-op patients who were divided into 4 groups 1. Those who didn't use pillows 2. Those who used pillows, 3. Those who were mobilised, 4. The general anaesthesia group was kept as a control. They were followed for 7 days for development of headache, back and neck pain. Results: This study found no association between the lying without pillow and prevention of PDPH or any other post-operative complication. Conclusion: head ache, neck, backache and other such problems were worst in the immobilised group and least in mobilised group.
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