Background: Fast Charging Stations (FCSs) for Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) can affect the performance of distribution networks due to high charging demand of a large number of PEVs. Aims: To reduce negative impacts of FCSs, the interactions between transportation and distribution networks must be taken into account in decision-making models. This paper proposes an optimization model to increase the resiliency of the distribution network after occurring severe events considering the availability of FCSs Materials & Methods: A new bi-level optimization model is proposed, the lower level of which determines the dynamic charging demand of the in-service FCSs according to the transportation network. At the upper-level problem, the charging demand of the in-service FCSs are considered as electrical loads for the distribution network, and the resiliency-oriented restoration problem determines the optimal boundaries of the islands with the aim of maximizing the recovered loads Results: The proposed model is implemented in the 118-bus distribution network coupled with a 21-node transportation network through FCSs Discussion: The simulation results show that in general, the presence of FCSs reduces the resiliency of the distribution network. Conclusion: However, the proposed model can reduce the negative effects of the FCSs and improve the load restoration of the distribution network while meeting the charging demand of PEVs K E Y W O R D S bi-level, electric vehicle, fast charging station, islanding, resiliency 1 | INTRODUCTION Recently, growth of the penetration level of electric vehicles (EVs) and the development of their charging infrastructure have brought environmental benefits as well as incentives for investment in renewable energy resources. However, the aggregated charging demand of a large number of EVs in fast charging stations (FCSs) can bring new challenges for operation, reliability, and resiliency of the distribution network. Therefore, it is necessary to taking into account the effect of the electrical load corresponding to FCSs on the issues such as distribution network resiliency.
Summary
The postdisturbance power imbalance causes the power system frequency to drop. For preventing the frequency drop below the safe range, under frequency load shedding (UFLS) plan should be used by applying UFLS relays. In this paper, the conventional multistage UFLS plan is promoted via a linearized AC power flow model. A multiobjective mixed‐integer linear program is solved in order to minimize the load shedding amount and voltage deviation simultaneously. The proposed method simultaneously benefits from individual UFLS and under voltage LS (UVLS) features which may operate in the power system without coordination. The proposed method has been implemented in IEEE 39‐bus test system, and the results are presented under different scenarios. The results show that the proposed model for locating UFLS relays and their optimal setting can maintain both the system frequency and bus voltages in the secure operating limits.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.