Resiliency‐oriented islanding of distribution network in the presence of charging stations for electric vehicles

Abstract

Background: Fast Charging Stations (FCSs) for Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) can affect the performance of distribution networks due to high charging demand of a large number of PEVs. Aims: To reduce negative impacts of FCSs, the interactions between transportation and distribution networks must be taken into account in decision-making models. This paper proposes an optimization model to increase the resiliency of the distribution network after occurring severe events considering the availability of FCSs Materials & Methods: A new bi-level optimization model is proposed, the lower level of which determines the dynamic charging demand of the in-service FCSs according to the transportation network. At the upper-level problem, the charging demand of the in-service FCSs are considered as electrical loads for the distribution network, and the resiliency-oriented restoration problem determines the optimal boundaries of the islands with the aim of maximizing the recovered loads Results: The proposed model is implemented in the 118-bus distribution network coupled with a 21-node transportation network through FCSs Discussion: The simulation results show that in general, the presence of FCSs reduces the resiliency of the distribution network. Conclusion: However, the proposed model can reduce the negative effects of the FCSs and improve the load restoration of the distribution network while meeting the charging demand of PEVs K E Y W O R D S bi-level, electric vehicle, fast charging station, islanding, resiliency 1 | INTRODUCTION Recently, growth of the penetration level of electric vehicles (EVs) and the development of their charging infrastructure have brought environmental benefits as well as incentives for investment in renewable energy resources. However, the aggregated charging demand of a large number of EVs in fast charging stations (FCSs) can bring new challenges for operation, reliability, and resiliency of the distribution network. Therefore, it is necessary to taking into account the effect of the electrical load corresponding to FCSs on the issues such as distribution network resiliency.

A comprehensive review on electric vehicles smart charging: Solutions, strategies, technologies, and challenges

“…One implication may be congestion of lines and transformers (this issue intensifies especially in heavily populated areas, where the electricity grid has no free capacity to meet additional loads) [194]. Other implications may be power losses [195], power quality issues [196], harmonic distortion [197], voltage drop and imbalance [198], peak load, poor load factor, thermal stress [199], frequency deviations [200], voltage instability [201], reliability deterioration [202], decreased resiliency [203], etc. The studies for the Belgium grid showed that 30 % EV penetration would result in 10 % increases in peak demand [15].…”

A Microgrid Formation-Based Restoration Model for Resilient Distribution Systems Using Distributed Energy Resources and Demand Response Programs

“…With the high penetration of DGs, MG formation is an effective operational strategy to restore critical loads as major faults occur in distribution systems. Optimal methods based on heuristic search (Bajpai et al, 2016;Sedzro et al, 2018;Xu et al, 2016;Zadsar et al, 2017) and mathematical programming (Alizadeh et al, 2020;Biswas et al, 2021;Gilani et al, 2020;Momen et al, 2020Momen et al, , 2021Sedzro et al, 2017;Zhu et al, 2020) were used for MG formation problem in the resilient distribution systems. In (Bajpai et al, 2016), a methodology based on the graph-theoretic method and Choquet integral was introduced for MG formation to quantify the distribution system resilience during extreme contingencies.…”

Resiliency Improvement of Distribution Network Considering the Charge/Discharge Management of Electric Vehicles in Parking Lots through a Bilevel Optimization Approach

“…Recently, environmental concerns, the security of oil supply, and the increasing penetration of intermittent renewable energy resources in the electrical network are increasing the utilization of PEVs in the transportation sector. On the other hand, the charging pattern of PEVs may affect the resiliency of the DN, which is the ability to withstand the low-probability high-impact events, ensuring the minimum load shedding (LS) and enabling a fast recovery to the normal operation state [1]. Some indicators have been presented in several articles to evaluate the power system resiliency.…”

“…Optimal charging/discharging management of PEVs in EVPLs can offer benefits for the DN. Technically, PEVs can operate in two modes: (1) charging or grid-to-vehicle (G2V) mode as a load, and (2) discharging or vehicle-to-grid (V2G) mode as an energy storage unit [15,16]. A comprehensive review of control structures of PEVs in charging stations, objectives of EV management in power systems, and optimization methods have been presented in [17].…”

“…A detailed comparison between different charging/discharging strategies in terms of complexity, economics, power losses, ability to provide ancillary services for integrity of the power grid, and operation aspects has been done in [18]. Reference [1] has proposed a bilevel model to investigate the impact of charging demand of fast charging stations (FCSs) on DN resiliency. EVPLs are reasonable sites for implementing the V2G because PEVs spend many hours of the day in EVPLs [16].…”