The current study was an attempt to investigate the effects of different corrective feedback (CF) conditions on Iranian EFL learners' spoken accuracy and fluency (AF) and the trade-off between them. Consequently, four pre-intermediate intact classes were randomly selected as the control, delayed explicit metalinguistic CF, extensive recast, and intensive recast groups. All participants took part in spoken reproduction tasks for six sessions and their spoken grammatical errors were treated differently. Then, the data was transcribed, coded for AF, and analyzed. The results indicated that the different CF conditions had insignificant effects on spoken general accuracy. Considering fluency, there was a significant correlation between pruned and unpruned speech rates, with a large effect size; however, the different CF conditions had insignificant effects on the spoken temporal fluency. The correlations between general accuracy and temporal fluency of all groups were positive and significant with a small effect size. In addition, different CF conditions had insignificant effects on the relationship between accuracy and fluency. These findings suggest that there is no trade-off between general accuracy and temporal fluency. In addition, different CF conditions, particularly when they are focused on a specific form, have insignificant effects on the EFL learners' spoken general accuracy, temporal fluency, and their relationships.

This study reassesses the resource-economic growth nexus by incorporating several channels. Panel time series techniques are used to analyze panel time series data from 1980 to 2015 in 31 oil-rich countries. The results show that oil rent augments economic growth; thus, oil rent is conducive for, rather than an impediment to, economic growth. The role of governance in economic growth is significant in the examined countries. Financial development is an unimportant channel in the resource-growth nexus because it is often unable to mobilize oil rent from the government to the private sector in oil-rich countries. Globalization is advantageous for countries as it promotes economic growth. Finally, war exerts a significant negative effect on growth in the long term.