Among various methods, nerve tissue engineering (NTE) is one of the applicable methods to reconstruct damaged nerve tissues. Electrospinning technique and biomaterials are often considered to fabricate fibrous tissue engineered conduits which have great similarity to the extracellular matrix on fiber structure. Polymer blending is one of the most effective methods for the production of new materials with outstanding features. In this study, conduit structures as main part of the peripheral nerve regeneration based on polymer blend nanocomposites poly(ε-caprolactone)/collagen/nanobioglass (PCL/collagen/NBG) were manufactured by electrospinning technique. Various properties of electrospun mats were investigated by using contact angle, tensile, degradation time, porosity, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS). The SEM analysis was shown that size range and average pore size of polymer blend nanocomposite nanofibers were about 250-400 nm and 0.7 µm, respectively, with an optimum porosity of 62.5%. The XRD result was shown that synthesized nanoparticles of NBG had amorphous structures. Also, FTIR analysis indicated that good interaction between polymer-polymer macromolecules and polymer particles. The contact angle and tensile tests were indicated that electrospun webs showed good hydrophilicity and toughness properties. According to SEM, MTT assay and DAPI staining technique, the ability to support cell attachment and viability of samples were characterized. In vitro study indicated electrospun collagen/PCL/NBG nanofibrous conduit promoted Human Endometrial Stem cells (hEnSCs) adhesion and proliferation. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 1960-1972, 2017.

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Human endometrial and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells can be differentiated into a number of cell lineages. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are potential candidates for cellular therapy. The differentiation of human bone marrow MSCs (hBM-MSCs) and endometrial stem cells (hEnSCs) into motor neuron-like cells has been rarely investigated previously; however, the comparison between these stem cells when they are differentiated into motor neuron-like cell is yet to be studied. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate and compare the capability of hBM-MSCs and hEnSCs cultured on tissue culture polystyrene (TCP) and poly ε-caprolactone (PCL) nanofibrous scaffold to differentiate into motor neuron-like cells in the presence of neural inductive molecules. Engineered hBM-MSCs and hEnSCs seeded on PCL nanofibrous scaffold were differentiated into beta-tubulin III, islet-1, Neurofilament-H (NF-H), HB9, Pax6, and choactase-positive motor neurons by immunostaining and real-time PCR, in response to the signaling molecules. The data obtained from PCR and immunostaining showed that the expression of motor neuron markers of both hBM-MSCs and hEnSCs differentiated cells on PCL scaffold are significantly higher than that of the control group. The expression of these markers in hEnSCs differentiated cells was higher than that in hBM-MSCs. However, this difference was not statistically significant. In conclusion, differentiated hBM-MSCs and hEnSCs on PCL can provide a suitable three-dimensional situation for neuronal survival and outgrowth for regeneration of the central nervous system. Both cells may be potential candidates for cellular therapy in motor neuron disorders. However, differentiation of hEnSCs into motor neuron-like cells was better than hBM-MSCs.

The pandemic outbreak of SARS-CoV-2, with millions of infected patients worldwide, has severely challenged all aspects of public health. In this regard, early and rapid detection of infected cases and providing effective therapeutics against the virus are in urgent demand. Along with conventional clinical protocols, nanomaterial-based diagnostics and therapeutics hold a great potential against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Indeed, nanoparticles with their outstanding characteristics would render additional advantages to the current approaches for rapid and accurate diagnosis and also developing prophylactic vaccines or antiviral therapeutics. In this review, besides presenting an overview of the coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2, we discuss the introduced nanomaterial-based detection assays and devices and also antiviral formulations and vaccines for coronaviruses.