Applying several energy systems and concurrent performing of various training models have a more effective role in preventing precocious occurrence of many diseases compared to training single energy system. This can be seen in case of physiologic and metabolic adaptations of the human body too. The present study attempted to investigate the effect of endurance, resistance and concurrent (endurance-resistance) training on pre-inflammatory cytokines in overweight men. Accordingly, 43 healthy overweight (BMI = 28.56 ± 2.67) young (23.7 ± 3.3 yr) students were volunteered to participate and randomly divided into three experimental (n = 11) and one control (n = 10) groups. The experimental groups performed 3 days/wk endurance, resistance and concurrent training for 8 weeks. Also, prior to and after the training, a blood sample was collected from the subjects in order to measure pre-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1b, IL-6 and TNF-a). Following 8 week training, repeated measure ANOVA results showed a significant difference in IL-1b (P = 0.046) and IL-6 (P = 0.009) compared to baseline. However, this was not the case with the TNF-a. Furthermore, between group comparisons showed significant difference in IL-6 (P = 0.020) between endurance and resistance groups. Within group comparisons (depended t student test) also showed a significant difference in IL-1b and IL-6 of endurance and concurrent groups compared to baseline. Generally, it can be concluded that endurance and concurrent exercise training in part has a positive effect on pre-inflammatory cytokines.

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OBJECTIVE: Today, reducing oxidative stress and improving the antioxidant system with antioxidant supplements along with exercise training has received a lot of attention. Vitamin D plays a very important role in general health and reducing oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of vitamin D3 supplements during elastic-band resistance training (EBT) on oxidative stress and antioxidant indices in healthy men. METHODS: Forty healthy men (Serum: 20 ≤ 25 (OH) D ≤ 25 ng/mL) voluntarily participated in the current study and randomly were assigned to EBT-vitamin D3 (ED, n = 10), EBT-placebo (EP, n = 10), vitamin D3 (VD, n = 10), and control (Con, n = 10). EBT was performed three times per week on non-consecutive days for eight weeks, in seven exercises. The subjects in the ED, VD, and EP consumed 50,000 IU vitamin D3 or placebo once every 2 weeks. Ten ccs blood samples were collected before and after exercise training and the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and creatine kinase (CK) activities were measured in the plasma. Malondialdehyde (MDA), as the lipid peroxidation index, and 25(OH) D were measured in the plasma. RESULTS: We found that there was a significant difference between ED with VD (p = 0.011) and Con (p = 0.022) for MDA. A significant difference was also seen for SOD in ED with VD (p = 0.024) and Con (p = 0.038) and TAC in ED with VD (p = 0.020) and Con (p = 0.030), and GPX in ED with VD (p = 0.040) and Con (p = 0.010). While there were no significant differences between ED and EP in all mentioned variables (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Finally, it can be said that elastic resistance training improved antioxidant defence. However, vitamin D3 supplementation during resistance elastic training has no synergistic effect on attenuating oxidative stress indices.

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Background and Objectives: Aerobic training and berberine chloride include antioxidant and anti-inflammatory characteristics. In the current study, simultaneous effects of aerobic training and berberine chloride on plasma glucose, IL-6 and TNF-α were investigated in type 1 diabetic male Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 64 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into eight groups (n=8), including healthy control, diabetic control, diabetic-berberine (15 and 30 mg/kg), diabetic-training, diabetictraining-berberine (15 and 30 mg/kg) and health-trained. Diabetes was induced using a single intraperitoneal injection (IP) of streptozotocin (STZ) of 60 mg/kg body weight (BW). The training schedule included running on a treadmill for six weeks, five sessions a week and daily intakes of berberine using gavage. The IL-6 and TNF-α values were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Results: Results showed that the glucose concentration in diabetic groups with aerobic training and intake of berberine simultaneously was significantly lower than that in the diabetic control group (P<0.05). Plasma IL-6 in the diabetic control group significantly increased, compared to that in the normal control group (P<0.05). In diabetic groups that received the two treatments simultaneously, IL-6 significantly increased, compared to that in the diabetic control group (P<0.05). The quantity of TNF-α in the diabetic control group was significantly higher than that in the normal control group (P<0.05). The plasma level of TNF-α significantly decreased in all treatment groups, compared to that in the diabetic control group (P<0.05). Conclusions: Combined effects of berberine chloride use and aerobic training on blood glucose, IL-6 and TNF-α are more evident than their individual effects. Furthermore, a dose of 30 mg/kg of berberine chloride included a greater effect on the highlighted blood parameters, compared to that a dose of 15 mg/kg of berberine chloride did.