In the current mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) systems for the System architecture evaluation (SAE) networks, such as 4th generation (4G) mobile network, the data delivery is performed basing on a centralized mobility network anchor between Evolved Node B (eNB) and Serving Gateways (S-GW), and also between S-GW and Packet Data Network Gateway (P-GW). However, the existing network has many obstacles, including suboptimal data routing, injection of unwanted data traffic into mobile core network and the requirement of capital expenditure. To handle these challenges, here we describe a flat mobile core network scheme donated by F-EPC, based SAE mobile network. In the proposed scheme, the P-GW and S-GW gateways are features as one node named Cellular Gateway (C-GW). Further, we proposed to distribute and increase the number of C-GW in mobile core network, the Mobility Management Entity (MME) functioned as centralizing mobility anchor and allocating the IP address for the User Entity (UE). In this paper, the explained results of a simulation analysis showed that the proposed scheme provides a superior performance compared with the current 4G architecture in terms of total transmission delay, handover delay and initial attach procedure.
The current Evolved Packet Core (EPC) 4th generation (4G) mobile network architecture features complicated control plane protocols and requires expensive equipment. Data delivery in the mobile packet core is performed based on a centralized mobility anchor between eNode B (eNB) elements and the network gateways. The mobility anchor is performed based on General Packet Radio Service tunnelling protocol (GTP), which has numerous drawbacks, including high tunnelling overhead and suboptimal routing between mobile devices on the same network. To address these challenges, here we describe new mobile core architecture for future mobile networks. The proposed scheme is based on IP encapsulated within IP (IP-in-IP) for mobility management and data delivery. In this scheme, the core network functions via layer 3 switching (L3S), and data delivery is implemented based on IP-in-IP routing, thus eliminating the GTP tunnelling protocol. For handover between eNB elements located near to one another, we propose the creation of a tunnel that maintains data delivery to mobile devices until the new eNB element updates the route with the gateway, which prevents data packet loss during handover. For this, we propose Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) tunnelling protocol. We describe the results of numerical analyses and simulation results showing that the proposed network core architecture provides superior performance compared with the current 4G architecture in terms of handover delay, tunnelling overhead and total transmission delay. 5G network, mobile core network, GRE One of the greatest challenges for future mobile communication networks is how to design and build 5th generation (5G) mobile networks. The need for new network architecture is essential to support growth in demand for broadband services of various kinds delivered over the networks, and to support the Internet of Things (IoT) services and applications [2]. KEYWORDSMany approaches have been proposed to address the growth in data traffic on mobile networks, including device-to-device communication and radio resource management. However, these efforts have focused mainly on increasing the capacity of wireless radio links. The future mobile network consists of two main parts: a radio link and a non-radio mobile core network. Effective design of both the radio link and the mobile core is required to meet the requirements of the future mobile network [3].
This study proposes a novel nature-inspired meta-heuristic optimizer based on the Reptile Search Algorithm combed with Salp Swarm Algorithm for image segmentation using gray-scale multi-level thresholding, called RSA-SSA. The proposed method introduces a better search space to find the optimal solution at each iteration. However, we proposed RSA-SSA to avoid the searching problem in the same area and determine the optimal multi-level thresholds. The obtained solutions by the proposed method are represented using the image histogram. The proposed RSA-SSA employed Otsu’s variance class function to get the best threshold values at each level. The performance measure for the proposed method is valid by detecting fitness function, structural similarity index, peak signal-to-noise ratio, and Friedman ranking test. Several benchmark images of COVID-19 validate the performance of the proposed RSA-SSA. The results showed that the proposed RSA-SSA outperformed other metaheuristics optimization algorithms published in the literature.
The current Evolved Packet Core (EPC) 4th generation (4G) mobile network structure emphasizes complicated control plane protocols and requires expensive equipment. In this approach, we propose the creation of a tunnel that maintains data delivery to mobile devices until the new Base Station (BS) element updates the route with the gateway, which prevents data packet loss during handover between BS elements located near to one another. To maintain the handover without losing the data we propose an approach scheme based on IP encapsulated within IP (IP-in-IP) for data delivery. We describe the results of numerical analyses showing that the proposed architecture provides superior performance compared with the current 4G architecture in terms of handover delay.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
334 Leonard St
Brooklyn, NY 11211
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.