Patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) are at increased risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection and its complications compared with the general population. Several studies evaluated the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines in the dialysis population but showed mixed results. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines against confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in hemodialysis (HD) patients in the State of Qatar. We included all adult ESKD patients on chronic HD who had at least one SARS-CoV-2 PCR test done after the introduction of the COVID-19 mRNA vaccines on 24 December 2020. Vaccinated patients who were only tested before receiving any dose of their COVID-19 vaccine or within 14 days after receiving the first vaccine dose were excluded from the study. We used a test-negative case–control design to determine the effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccination. Sixty-eight patients had positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR tests (cases), while 714 patients had negative tests (controls). Ninety-one percent of patients received the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine. Compared with the controls, the cases were more likely to be older (62 ± 14 vs. 57 ± 15, p = 0.02), on dialysis for more than one year (84% vs. 72%, p = 0.03), unvaccinated (46% vs. 5%, p < 0.0001), and symptomatic (54% vs. 21%, p < 0.0001). The effectiveness of receiving two doses of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines against confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection was 94.7% (95% CI: 89.9–97.2) in our HD population. The findings of this study support the importance of using the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine in chronic HD patients to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection in such a high-risk population.
Background: Cyclin D1, a positive regular of the cell cycle, may lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation. The overexpression of Cyclin D1 has been associated with numerous tumors' diagnosis and prognosis. PIN1 binds and isomerizes the phosphorylated serine/threonine-proline motif, which leads to alteration in the structure and function of proteins. The altered phosphorylated proteins by PIN1 are closely linked to cancer development. PIN1 is strongly expressed in most tumors, suggesting it promotes tumorigenesis and is negatively associated with the clinical prognosis. Objectives: To assess Cyclin D1 & PIN1 expression and correlation in endometrial adenocarcinoma. Also, to assess the relationship between Cyclin D1 & PIN1 expression and clinicopathological variables of cases with endometrial carcinoma. Materials and Methods: The study included 30 cases of endometrial adenocarcinoma specimens. Immunohistochemical staining was performed for both Cyclin D1 and PIN1. Blocks of tumor tissue and clinical data were gathered from Pathology Department of Al-Zahraa University Hospital files between July 2017 and October 2019. Results: Cyclin D1 positive expression and PIN1 high expression were increased significantly with age, high clinicalstage, high pathological grade, and more myometrium invasion depth. Cyclin D1 expression was positively associated with PIN1 expression (P-value = 0.004). Conclusions: Cyclin D1 and PIN1 expression are associated with age, stage, grade, and depth of myometrial wall invasion in patients with endometrial carcinoma. The overexpression of Cyclin D1 & PIN1 seems to indicate a more malignant phenotype of endometrial carcinoma.
Background: Urothelial carcinomas [UCs] can be diagnostically challenging, particularly transurethral bladder tumors resection biopsies with limited material. Immunohistochemistry is a valuable instrument for diagnosis when morphology alone is inadequate. GATA-binding protein 3 [GATA3] and cytokeratin 5/6 [CK 5/6] contributes to the growth of UC. However, their correlative expression in UC and prognostic value has not been sufficiently investigated.
The aim of the work:The current study aimed to evaluate the utility of GATA3 expression in UC and correlate that with CK 5/6 expression to verify different subtypes of UC and assess their prognostic significance.Methodology: Here, we immunohistochemically stained GATA3 and CK 5/6 in 90 UCs samples by transurethral bladder tumor resection in a retrospective study, between May 2018 and February 2020. All were histopathologically evaluated and immunohistochemically stained for GATA3 and CK 5/6, and then correlated them with the clinicopathological parameters to investigate their clinical significance.Results: GATA3 expression was seen in 76 patients [84.44 %]. There was significant correlation between GATA3 expression with the tumor histological grade and degree muscle invasion. There was a weak or even negative expression in high-grade, invasive than the low-grade, non-invasive tumor [P= <0.001]. CK5/6 was positive and focally positive in 27.78% with a significant correlation of CK5/6 expression with tumor grade and muscularis propria invasion. On the other side, tumors with diffuse GATA3 expression had low CK5/6 expression.
Conclusion:GATA3 and CK 5/6 should be used as sensitive and specific markers for UC. They can also be effectively used in the prediction of probable grade and tumor invasion in biopsied material with poor morphological characters; and thus, help in the future appropriate treatment.
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