An outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Egypt affected approximately 40,000 cattle and water buffaloes and killed more than 4,600 animals during February-March 2012. To investigate the etiology of the 2012 outbreak, specimens were collected from six governorates and analyzed using universal primers to amplify the 5' untranslated region (UTR) by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Only FMDV-SAT2 was detected, with an overall detection rate of 80.3 %. Complete VP1- and leader-proteinase-coding sequences, obtained from three isolates from three different governorates, were compared with previously reported sequences. Phylogenetic analysis of these sequences indicated that the circulating viruses were homogeneous and were closely related to topotype VII. Importantly, the newly emerged viruses were genetically closely related to strains isolated from Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea and Cameroon between 2000 and 2010, suggesting the dominant nature of this virus and underscoring the need for worldwide intensive surveillance to minimize its devastating consequences.

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The aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera contained a bioactive compounds namely tannins, flavonoids, saponin, alkaloids and terpens. The aqueous extract has high content of total phenolic (340.82 mg/g as gallic acid), In addition to IC 50 of Moringa oleifera extract was 75.82 µg/ml, and therefore the addition of Moringa oleifera extract to yogurt enhances the nutritional value of the resultant yogurt. The aqueous extract exhibited a antibacterial activity against Gram positive bacteria (S. aureus , E. faecalis and B. cereus), in contrast to Gram negative (E.coli and S. Typhimurium) more resistance to extract of Moringa oleifera. The total solid of yogurt is directly proportional to addition of extract content. A slightly decrease in pH was noticed in yogurt enriched aqueous extract. The use of Moringa oleifera extract at mentioned concentration rates increased significantly curd tension and WHC, in addition to susceptibility of synersis was decrease. The addition of aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera enhanced sensory properties of the resultant yogurt. Acetaldehyde and diacetyl increased in yogurt with Moringa oleifera extract, compare with control. Hardness, Adhesiveness and gumminess were significantly higher (P< 0.05) in experimental yogurt made by using different concentration of aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera than control. However, the cohesiveness and springiness were significantly lower in samples of experimental yogurt made with different concentration of aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera than control.

Changes in the activities of antimicrobial, antitumor, and antioxidant properties of postbiotics (YCG) are related to changes in the composition of phenolic compounds. Antimicrobial activity was found to be highest in postbiotic (YCG-7) against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and E. faecalis with an MIC of 3.1 µg/mL. YCG-7 revealed the most cytotoxicity against LS-174T and PC-3 cell lines with an IC50 of 5.78 and 6.56 µg/mL, respectively. YCG-7 was far more effective for scavenging free radicals in the NO• and DPPH assays with a scavenging activity of 70.73% and 85.6%, respectively. YCG-7’s total phenolic acid content is up to eightfold higher compared with control. Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 retained high viable counts during refrigerated storage, particularly in YCG (>108 cells g−1) revealing a potential prebiotic activity of Cape gooseberry juice. EcN affected the phenolic profile of the YCG. Pyrogallol, p-coumaric acid, ellagic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, salicylic acid, gallic acid, vanillic acid, o-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, catechol, syringic acid, and rutin were the predominant phenolic compounds in YCG-7 or YCG-15. Chlorogenic, rosmarinic, cinnamic acid, naringin, and kaempferol were degraded by EcN in YCG-7 and YCG-15. The YCG had significantly higher sensory scores for appearance, smoothness, sourness, mouthfeel, and overall acceptance. These results provide the basis to target the functional benefits of YCG for further human health applications.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate fig (Ficus carica L.) leaves’ extract (FLE), olive (Olea europaea L.) leaves’ extract (OLE), and their mixture (MLE), to extend the shelf life of pasteurized milk. OLE, FLE, and their mixture MLE (1:1) were added to the pasteurized milk in different concentrations (0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6%). Several tests were then conducted to determine the activity of these extracts. The antioxidant activity as IC50 was determined by using DPPH radical assay. FLE showed higher IC50 (30.21 µg/mL) compared to the IC50 of OLE (22.43 µg/mL). Phenolic compounds were identified by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The highest antimicrobial activity was obtained with 0.6% concentration. Organoleptic properties indicated that the addition of these extracts did not affect the sensory properties of pasteurized milk. Pasteurized milk treated with 0.6% of FLE, OLE, and MLE has significantly decreased (p ≤ 0.05) lipase and protease activity during the storage period, at 5 °C. The results indicated that extending the shelf life of pasteurized milk from 5 to 16 days was successfully achieved through using 0.6% of FLE, OLE, and MLE. The combination of the two extracts (MLE) provides an efficient and safe method to prolong the shelf life of pasteurized milk, without altering the properties of pasteurized buffalo milk.

The AgNPs were synthesized using water-soluble polysaccharides extracted from the Leucaena leucocephala seeds. The UV-visible spectrum of the AgNPs showed a sharp absorption peak at 448 nm. The XRD analysis showed four major peaks of the crystalline AgNPs with planes of a face-centered cubic lattice of silver. The EDS spectrum showed a strong signal peak at ~3 keV. TEM and SEM observations showed the spherical shape of AgNPs with no particle agglomeration, and the size ranged from 8 to 20 nm. AgNPs were highly stable at -14.2 mV by zeta potential measurement. AgNPs showed significant anticancer activity against the cell lines of breast cancer, liver carcinoma, and colon carcinoma with the I C 50 value of 22.5, 12.3, and 8.9 μg mL-1, respectively. AgNPs at 900 μg mL-1 exhibited considerable antifungal activity against ten fungal pathogens. Water-soluble polysaccharide has the ability to synthesize AgNPs keeping strong antitumor, antifungal activities. The AgNPs can slow down spoilage of composite milk samples at different temperatures. In addition, the accuracy of milk-IR-analyses was not affected by different concentrations of AgNPs.

CFP may be a prebiotic due to its high resistance against α-amylase and acid. CFP provides two ways to adjust nitric oxide synthesis in macrophages. We show the use of CFP in the production of synbiotic yogurt with favorable physical and chemical characteristics.