This paper presents a summary of technical-economic studies. It allows evaluating, in the French context, the production cost of electricity derived from coal and gas power plants with the capture of CO 2 , and the cost per ton of CO 2 avoided. Three systems were studied: an Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC), a conventional combustion of Pulverized Coal (PC) and a Natural Gas Combined Cycle (NGCC). Three main methods were envisaged for the capture of CO 2 : pre-combustion, post-combustion and oxy-combustion.For the IGCC, two gasification types have been studied: a current technology based on gasification of dry coal at 27 bars (Shell or GE/Texaco radiant type) integrated into a classical combined cycle providing 320 MWe, and a future technology (planned for about 2015-2020) based on gasification of a coal -water mixture (slurry) that can be compressed to 64 bars (GE/Texaco slurry type) integrated into an advanced combined cycle (type H with steam cooling of the combustion turbine blades) producing a gross power output of 1200 MWe.

AIR:RAFFINAGE:INGENIERIE:SURFACES+FGI:CGE:NOG:DBIThe present study is dedicated to the development of experimental procedures allowing the measurement of the individual heats of adsorption of adsorbed NH3 species on a sulfate-free TiO2 solid (P25 from Degussa). This solid has been selected because it is frequently used as support of V2O5- or/and WO3-TiO2 model catalysts for the understanding of the surface processes implicated in the selective catalytic reduction of NOx by NH3 (NH3-SCR). Two original analytical procedures denoted adsorption equilibrium infrared spectroscopy (AEIR) and temperature-programmed adsorption equilibrium (TPAE) (developed in previous works) were applied. These methods are based on (a) the experimental measurement of the change in the adsorption equilibrium coverage of the individual adsorbed species in isobar conditions and (b) the comparison of the experimental data to an adsorption model. It is shown that in the ranges of the ammonia partial pressures and reaction temperatures of the NH3-SCR process, only two adsorbed NH3 species on Lewis sites (Ti+delta) are detected on the solid dehydrated at 673 K. These species noted NH3ads.L1 and NH3ads.L2 are differentiated by their delta(s) NH3 IR bands at 300 K (1149 and 1228 cm(-1), respectively), whereas their delta(as) IR bands are at the same position (1596 cm(-1)). The AEIR and TPAE methods indicate that the heats of adsorption of the NH3ads.L1 and NH3ads-L2 species (noted E-L1(theta) and EL2(theta) accuracy +/- 5 kJ/mol) vary linearly with their respective coverages theta from E-L1(1) = 56 kJ/mol to E-L1(0) = 105 kJ/mol and from E-L2(1) = 105 kJ/mol to E-L2(0) = 160 kJ/mol. These values are compared to (a) isosteric heat of adsorption provided by the Clausius-Clapeyron method and (b) literature data using temperature-programmed desorption, microcalorimetry, and DFT calculations. Forthcoming artides show that the simplicity of the analytical procedures allows studying the impact of the presence of sulfate and VOx/WOy depositions over TiO2, on the nature and heats of adsorption of adsorbed NH3 species

The present article is dedicated to the impacts of sulfatation and/or V x O y deposition on TiO2 supports on the individual heats of adsorption of adsorbed NH3 species. The S and V loadings are similar to those of TiO2 based commercial catalysts for the selective catalytic reduction of NO x by NH3: NH3–SCR. Two original experimental procedures are used, namely, adsorption equilibrium infrared spectroscopy (AEIR) and temperature-programmed adsorption equilibrium (TPAE). They have been developed in previous works and adapted in Part 1 for the species formed by the adsorption of NH3 on a sulfate free TiO2 support (P25 from Degussa). In agreement with the literature, Raman and FTIR spectroscopies show that the impregnation of the sulfate-free and sulfated TiO2 supports by the vanadium precursor leads to well-dispersed V x O y species, which are involved in the adsorption of NH3 in the temperature T a range of 300–673 K and for adsorption P a < 0.5 kPa. Sulfate and V x O y groups favor the amount of NH4 + species without modifying their heats of adsorption as compared to the TiO2 support: they are not detected for temperatures of interest for NH3–SCR reaction. In these experimental conditions and whatever the solids, two main adsorbed NH3 species on Lewis sites (denoted NH3ads‑L1 and NH3ads‑L2) are present, characterized by two δs IR bands below 1300 cm–1 and a common δas IR band at ≈1600 cm–1. By comparison with TiO2 P25; it is shown that sulfate groups have strong impacts neither on the proportion, x 1 and x 2, of the two adsorbed species nor on their heats of adsorption (E L1(θ) and E L2(θ) with θ the coverage of the NH3ads‑L1 and NH3ads‑L2 species: x 1 = 0.65, x 2 = 0.35, E L1(1) = 56 kJ/mol, E L1(0) = 102 kJ/mol, E L2(1) = 110 kJ/mol, E L2(0) = 140 kJ/mol. The deposition of V-containing species on the sulfate-free and sulfated TiO2 surfaces leads to similar conclusions: in the experimental conditions (T a and P a) of the NH3–SCR, two adsorbed NH3 species on Lewis sites are detected with comparable proportions and heats of adsorption to those observed on the TiO2 supports.

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Experimental. Solids, characterizations and pretreatmentsIn the present study, the sulfate free and sulfated TiO 2 solids are P25 from Degussa (55 m 2 /g) and DT51 (80 m 2 /g) from Millenium Inorganic Chemical respectively which have been (a) used as supports of NH 3 -SCR catalysts and (b) characterized considering their a = 18 torr) on TiO 2 -P25 and Al 2 O 3 have been ascribed by Kakeuchi et al. 15 to d-H and Hbond IR bands respectively of polymeric H 2 O chains. It must be noted that the positions of the d-H IR bands, 36-37 are in the same wavenumber range than the OH groups of the metal oxides and the ν 1 and ν 3 IR bands of isolated H 2 O species, 11-17 leading to difficulties in the interpretation of the IR spectra of adsorbed H 2 O species.

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The present article is dedicated to the measurement of the individual heats of adsorption of adsorbed NH 3 species on WO 3 /TiO 2 and V 2 O 5 /WO 3 /TiO 2 (a catalyst for the selective catalytic reduction of NO x by NH 3 on stationary sources, briefly NH 3 -SCR) model and commercial solids by using an original experimental procedure (adsorption equilibrium infrared spectroscopy, AEIR) developed in parts 1 [Giraud et al.

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