Palestinians in Lebanon are one of the most important communities living in the Middle East, with nearly 350,000 refugees according to UNRWA figures. Since the 1980s about 100,000 Palestinians have emigrated from Lebanon to the Gulf countries and northern Europe, mainly Germany, Sweden, and Denmark. The Palestinian case leads us to reconsider the classical distinction between forced and voluntary migration. Migration has to be considered not only as forced, but also as the result of new forms of transnational solidarity between the different scattered Palestinian communities. This paper aims to demonstrate how refugee communities, like Palestinians, but also Kurds or Eritreans, use their social capital (i.e., solidarity networks) in order to adapt to new situations with strong constraints and to develop new forms of transnational solidarities.
L’émigration des Irakiens, qui remonte aux années 1990, s’inscrit dans la longue liste des migrations forcées qui marquent la région du Moyen-Orient à chaque nouvelle crise géopolitique. Elle est aussi le fruit de relations migratoires plus longues, qui s’appuient sur des logiques plurielles. La Syrie et la Jordanie accueillent aujourd’hui l’essentiel des Irakiens qui quittent leur pays depuis le changement de régime, et jouent un rôle central dans l’architecture actuelle de la diaspora irakienne. Après avoir retracé les différentes phases d’arrivées des Irakiens dans ces deux pays, la question de la gestion de ce flux migratoire est traitée, en montrant les convergences et les spécificités propres des politiques d’accueil mises en place.
Revue européenne des migrations internationales vol. 20-n°2 | 2004 L'asile politique en Europe depuis l'entre-deux-guerres Les réfugiés palestiniens en Europe. Complexité des parcours et des espaces migratoires
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