a b s t r a c tWater hardness causes potentially costly nuisance problems in homes and in industry, such as disabling washing, formation of tartar carbonate and magnesium hydroxide in the pipe network of hot water. In this work, the ability of two commercial nanofiltration membranes (NF90, NF270) to remove hardness from the Maâmora groundwater (North of Morocco) was studied. Experiments were carried out in the pressure range of 5-40 bar and for different total hardness (TH) of the feed water. The effects of the trans-membrane pressure on the permeate flux and retention rate were investigated for each membrane. The results show that the nanofiltration membranes are capable of retaining the total hardness present in groundwater. Experiment results were correlated and analysed using Spiegler-Kedem model. Model parameters (the reflection coefficients and the solute permeability) have been determined for the two membranes using an adequate mathematical optimization procedure (Levenberg-Marquardt´s algorithm: LMA). Model predictions of Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ rejection were used to calculate rejection for Total Hardness. The modeling results were in good agreement with the experimental data for both NF90 and NF270 membrane. The correlation coefficient was greater than 0.9 in all cases. Also, statistical analysis of residual errors based on the root mean square error (RMSE), the normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) and the Nash-sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) coefficient demonstrates the good performance of the model and the optimization procedure. Results of this study are of great importance for local managers since waters of Maâmora groundwater are locally used in many areas and are part of several water management plans.
Many water resources deal with the increasing of sodium and chloride concentrations above the authorized drinking water levels. In order to minimize these concentrations and to achieve a high water quality in the distribution system, membrane processes are becoming a promising technology. In this study, Reverse Osmosis (RO) and Nanofiltration (NF) have been investigated on drinking water of M'rirt city (Morocco). The influence of different operational conditions (applied pressure, recovery rate) on the removal of NaCl and using three NF membranes (NF270*4040, NF90*4040, TR60) and two RO membranes (BW30LE4040, TM710) was studied. The Spiegler-Kedem model was applied to predict the membranes removal process. Model constants are the reflection coefficient and permeability coefficient. They were optimized using the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm which solves non-linear least-squares problems using an iterative technique. Good agreement between experimental rejection rates and model predicted rejection rates was obtained. Also, both convective and diffusive components of the solute mass transport have been calculated using another form of the basic thermodynamic equations. This allowed having a better understanding of transport phenomena and a better comparison of membranes performances.
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