Sandy soils (containing > 50% sand) are widely distributed worldwide and are characterized by their poor structure, low organic matter, weak hydraulic and nutritional properties, and low crop productivity. Using a 2-year pot experiment, in this study, we investigated the effects of humic acid (HA) as a soil amendment and study two plant growth stimulants (PGSs), zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs), and L-tryptophan (L-TRP), as a foliar application on wheat grown in nutrient-poor sandy soil. Three HA rates (0 (HA0), 0.2 (HA0.2), and 0.4 (HA0.4) g kg−1 soil) and five PGS levels [control, 50 mg l−1 (ZnONPs50), 100 mg l−1 (ZnONPs100), 0.25 mmol l−1 (L-TRP0.25), and 0.5 mmol l−1 (L-TRP0.5)] were used. The soil hydro-physico-chemical properties, morpho-physiological responses, yield, and quality were measured. HA addition amended the soil structure by allowing rapid macroaggregate formation, decreasing bulk density and pH, and increasing porosity and electrical conductivity, thereby improving soil hydraulic properties. HA0.2 and HA0.4 additions improved growth, yield components, and grain minerals, resulting in higher grain yield by 28.3–54.4%, grain protein by 10.2–13.4%, wet gluten by 18.2–23.3%, and dry gluten by 23.5–29.5%, respectively, than HA0. Foliar application of ZnONPs or L-TRP, especially at higher concentrations compared to the control, noticeably recorded the same positive results as HA treatments. The best results were achieved through the integration of HA0.4 + ZnONPs100 or L-TRP0.5 to the tested nutrient-poor sandy soil. The interactive application of HA0.4 + ZnONPs100 or L-TRP0.5 and the use of mineral fertilizer, which is considered a surplus point in permaculture, can be recommended for sustainable wheat production in nutrient-poor sandy soil.
Water deficit is a significant environmental stress that has a negative impact on plant growth and yield. In this research, the positive significance of kaolin and SiO2 nanoparticles in moderating the detrimental effects of water deficit on maize plant growth and yield is investigated. The foliar application of kaolin (3 and 6%) and SiO2 NPs (1.5 and 3 mM) solutions increased the growth and yield variables of maize plants grown under normal conditions (100% available water) and drought stress conditions (80 and 60% available water (AW)). In addition, plants treated with SiO2 NPs (3 mM) demonstrated increased levels of important osmolytes, such as proline and phenol, and maintained more of their photosynthetic pigments (net photosynthetic rate (PN), stomatal conductance (gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), and transpiration rate (E)) than with other applied treatments under either stress or non-stress conditions. Furthermore, the exogenous foliar application of kaolin and SiO2 NPs also reduced the amounts of hydroxyl radicals (OH), superoxide anions (O2), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and lipid peroxidation in maize plants experiencing a water deficit. In contrast, the treatments led to an increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as peroxidase (POX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione peroxidase (GR), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Overall, our findings indicate the beneficial impact of the application of kaolin and silicon NPs, particularly the impact of SiO2 NPs (3 mM) on managing the negative, harmful impacts of soil water deficit stress in maize plants.
The major climate-related hazard to worldwide agricultural productivity is drought, which is becoming more common because of ongoing climate change, especially in the arid and semi-arid regions. Herein, we investigated the influence of biochar soil application at 0, (B1), 7.5 ha−1 (B2), and 15 t ha−1 (B3) on the productivity and drought-tolerance indices of wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Sakha 93) grown in sandy soil under irrigation levels of 100 (I1), 80 (I2), and 60% (I3) of crop evapotranspiration (ETc), as well as soil properties based on non-weighing lysimeter units. Increasing water deficiency significantly decreased the actual evapotranspiration (ETa) values. A growing biochar rate caused a significant increase in ETa values, water use efficiency, and wheat productivity compared to the untreated control. Additionally, biochar supplementation revealed an improvement in soil quality as measured by the reduction in the bulk density and hydraulic conductivity with an increase in the total porosity and void ratio of the experimental soil. The correlation analysis exhibited a highly significant and positive correlation (0.98 **) between biological yield and grain yield traits. Therefore, it may be stated that these traits are the most significant components of the evaluated grain yield in wheat plants. The productivity of I1 plants was not significantly different and slightly higher than that of I2 plants. Therefore, it can be recommended that exposed wheat plants cultivated in sandy soil with I2 × B3 treatment significantly provide the highest yield while saving 20% of the irrigation water.
to investigate the impact of three levels of applied irrigation water: I 1 =100, I 2 =80 and I 3 =60% of irrigation water requirements (IR) and foliar application of potassium selenate (K 2 SeO 4 : 0.3 and 0.6 mM) and potassium silicate (K 2 SiO 3 : 5 and 10 mM) on the growth, yield and quality of faba bean (Vicia faba L., cv Sakha 3) and also the water use efficiency. The results indicated that increasing the applied irrigation water amount from 2219.75 (I 3 ) to 3698.77 m 3 ha -1 (I1) gave the highest mean values of plant height, number of branches (NB), dry seeds weight, the weight of 100 dry seeds and dry seed yield as well as P and K content in seeds. On the contrary, the highest mean values of water use efficiency (WUE), protein and nitrogen (N) content in seeds occurred with 60% of IR for both seasons. Moreover, foliar spraying with potassium silicate at 10 mM led to a highly significant increase of all the studied parameters followed by foliar spraying with potassium selenate at 0.6 mM compared to the untreated plant's treatment. Consequently, it is recommended to grow faba bean plants (Sakha 3) by applying 80% of IR (2958.02 m 3 ha -1 ) and foliar spraying with 10 mM potassium silicate and saving 20% of the amount of irrigation water for other uses in agriculture.
An experiment was performed during two successive winter seasons of (2018/2019-2019/2020), at a private farm in Baloza, North Sinai, Egypt, to study the effect of three levels of irrigation water salinity "SL" (1.21, 2.98 and 4.54 dS/m) and four applied irrigation water stresses "IR" (100%, 85%, 70 and 55%) under magnetic (MW) and un-magnetic (UMW) water treatment technique on marketable yield, parameters of crop quality , actual evapotranspiration (ETa), water use efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) for spinach leaves by using surface drip irrigation system. The results showed that, the marketable yield and studied quality parameters of spinach leaves gave the highest values when applying treatment SL1 =1.21 dS/m and IR = 100% under MW water for both seasons. While the seasonal ETa of spinach leaves gave the lowest values of 107.91 and 105.10 mm/season for both seasons respectively, when applying treatment, SL1 = 1.21 dS/m and IR = 55% under MW. Finally, the WUE and IWUE of spinach leaves gave the highest values when applying treatment SL1 =1.21 dS/m and IR = 70% under MW. The study concluded that irrigating spinach by using magnetized water may be considered as a promising technique to improve marketable yield productivity and saving a lot of irrigation water added by using surface drip irrigation system.
Penman-Monteith. (ii) method B is the water depletion from the soil, which depends on the water properties of soil. Crop water needs, yield, water use efficiency and the irrigation water amount lost by deep percolation were determined. The results showed that the irrigation method dependent on the soil water properties has positive effects on the squash production compared to method A. Moreover, the highest value of water use efficiency was obtained by method B, which was 5.31 kg m -3 , while its value for method A was 4.33 kg m -3 . Also, the highest yield was obtained by method B, which was 15970.10 kg ha -1 , while the productivity under method A was 15492.69 kg ha -1 . In addition, the highest values of lost water through deep percolation (14.82 %) were detected with method A. Generally, method of irrigation soil-based was more accurate in calculating the amount of irrigation water added and had clearly positive effects on growth, yield and water use efficiency of squash compared to a climate-dependent irrigation method.
A pot experiment was carried out in the green house of Soils and Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, during the winter of season (2009). The current work was carried out to study the effect of irrigation water salinity, farmyard manure levels and moisture content on the yield and nitrogen (content and uptake) of wheat grains of wheat plant grown on a calcareous soil. Wheat plant (Triticum aestivum, L.) Sakha93Variety, used as an indicator plant to experiment treatments. Four salinity levels of irrigation water were prepared (0.43 (Control), 1.56, 3.12 and 6.25 dSm-1) under different moisture contents (100%, 75% and 60%) of field capacity determined by weight and four organic matter levels (0% (control), 1%, 2% and 4%) farmyard manure(FYM). Twenty grains were sown in each pot and the treatments were three replicates including control. After 15 days, the pots were thinned to 10 seed lings. The obtained results showed that yield of both grains and straw, and nitrogen (content and uptake) in grains were significantly decreased with increasing salinity levels. Increasing of farmyard manure application rates up to 2% increased significantly yield of both grains and straw, and nitrogen (content and uptake) of grains. Yield of both grains and straw and nitrogen (content and uptake) of grains were significantly increased with increasing moisture levels regardless effect of salinity and farmyard manure.
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