This study was conducted to investigate the mechanical behavior of apricot and cherry pits under compression loading along the three axial dimensions of the pits. The mechanical behavior was expressed in terms of force required to rupture of the pit, deformation at rupture point, deformation ratio (strain), energy absorbed and toughness. Also; masses and geometrical properties (axial dimensions, geometric mean diameter, sphericity and volume) of these pits were determined. These properties are necessary to design of cracking machines and knowledge amount of force and energy requirements for cracking operation. All experiments were carried out at moisture content of 9.81 and 12.92 %, (d.b.) for apricot and cherry pits, resp. The results showed that; the highest values of rupture force, deformation and energy required to crack the apricot pit were at loading position through the length axis, while; the lowest values were through the width axis, whereas; the highest values of rupture force, deformation and energy required to crack the cherry pit were at loading position through the thickness axis, while; the lowest values were through the width axis. In conclusion; the results obtained of the mechanical behavior of apricot and cherry pits indicated that; the compression through the width axis can be recommended for cracking process with minimum force and energy requirements.

An experiment was performed during two successive winter seasons of (2018/2019-2019/2020), at a private farm in Baloza, North Sinai, Egypt, to study the effect of three levels of irrigation water salinity "SL" (1.21, 2.98 and 4.54 dS/m) and four applied irrigation water stresses "IR" (100%, 85%, 70 and 55%) under magnetic (MW) and un-magnetic (UMW) water treatment technique on marketable yield, parameters of crop quality , actual evapotranspiration (ETa), water use efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) for spinach leaves by using surface drip irrigation system. The results showed that, the marketable yield and studied quality parameters of spinach leaves gave the highest values when applying treatment SL1 =1.21 dS/m and IR = 100% under MW water for both seasons. While the seasonal ETa of spinach leaves gave the lowest values of 107.91 and 105.10 mm/season for both seasons respectively, when applying treatment, SL1 = 1.21 dS/m and IR = 55% under MW. Finally, the WUE and IWUE of spinach leaves gave the highest values when applying treatment SL1 =1.21 dS/m and IR = 70% under MW. The study concluded that irrigating spinach by using magnetized water may be considered as a promising technique to improve marketable yield productivity and saving a lot of irrigation water added by using surface drip irrigation system.

One of the most agricultural strategies is improving irrigation and fertilization. Two field experiment were conducted for study the effect of deficit irrigation strategy and integrated N-fertilization on the water application efficiencies, soil organic matter content, soil electrical conductivity, yield and quality of wheat were investigated under arid and sandy soils in Egypt and field experiments were conducted during 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 at the Research Farm of National Research Center (NRC). Water application efficiency and the average of soil organic matter content were increased by increasing the amount of organic fertilizers applied and decreased by increasing the volume of applied water but the average of electrical conductivity of soil were decreased by increasing the amount of organic fertilizers applied and increasing the volume of applied water. The values of the grain yield "GYwheat" and protein content "PCwheat"and carbohydrates content "CCwheat" were increased by increasing the amount of organic N-fertilizers applied up to 50% and they decreased with the continued increase in organic N-fertilizers addition. Although most of the characteristics, especially crop yield, decrease with the decrease in the amount of added irrigation water, in this study there were no significant differences when irrigation with 100% or 80% of full irrigation( FI), so a decrease of 80% of FI may not have resulted in any effect on the moisture stress, on the contrary, most of the studied characteristics were slightly higher when irrigation by 80% FI than full irrigation. In spite of the highest values of the water productivity of the wheat crop, it was at irrigation with 60% of the total irrigation, but there were high significant differences in the values of the higher productivity when irrigation with 80% of FI with adding 50% organic N-fertilizers with 50% mineral N-fertilizers. Finally, the results of the study concluded that, the necessity of relying on organic nitrogen fertilization in addition to mineral nitrogen fertilization at 50% organic to 50% mineral in addition to the possibility of irrigation at 80% of full irrigation, i.e. saving 20% of irrigation water without any significant impact on the productivity and quality characteristics of wheat under arid and sandy soils conditions in Egypt.

The primary goal of all those working in the field of sustainable water management, particularly in the arid and semi-arid zones, is to increase irrigation efficiency, reduce irrigation water losses, and improve water productivity for all crops. This study assessed the automatic irrigation scheduling and irrigation management on the growth, yield, and water productivity of cucumber under greenhouse conditions. A field experiment was conducted using cucumber grown in aplastic greenhouse during the winter of 2017/18 and 2018/19 at the research farm station of the National Research Centre (NRC), El-Noubaria Region, Behaira Governorate, Egypt. In a split-plot experiment, two different methods to control irrigation scheduling (manual control (MC) and automatic control (AC)) were used in the main plots and three deficit irrigation treatments (100% of full irrigation (FI), 80% of FI, and 60% of FI). Through the obtained results, it was found that the use of the automatic control of the irrigation schedule led to an improvement in the productivity and quality characteristics of the cucumber crop. Automatic irrigation control created healthy conditions for the plant roots located under the least water stress. This led to an increase in nitrogen uptake at the ages of 3, 5, 7, and 9 weeks after planting in addition to improving the total leaf area and the chlorophyll content of leaves, which consequently had a greater effect onincreasing yield and water productivity of cucumber. Although the highest values of cucumber productivity were obtained with irrigation at 100% of FI, there were no significant differences between 100% FI and 80% of FI, therefore it is preferable to irrigate at 80% of FI, and this means saving 20% of irrigation water that can be used to irrigate other areas. The SALTMED model simulating all of the following evaluation criteria performed well for soil moisture content and N-uptake as well as the leaves area, the yield, and water productivity of cucumber for all treatments for the two growing seasons 2017/18 and 2018/19, with the overall R2 of 0.882, 0.903, 0.975, 0.907, and 0.933, respectively.

This study was conducted at Wadi El-Natron area, season (2008-2009), to evaluate the influence of three irrigation systems (Bubbler, Microsprinkler and Trickle) on Jatropha production. Also, this work includes different water management techniques, (quantities 60%, 80% and 100% from ET o and irrigation interval of 2 and 4 days). The objective of the present work is to implement some of these intervals and water deficits in computing actual evapotranspiration of Jatropha under desert conditions, to maximize the seeds oil content production of Jatropha under different irrigation systems to save water .The results are as follows:  Highest seeds yield production (302.40 kg/fed), was obtained under bubbler irrigation system at 100% applied irrigation water and 2 days intervals, comparing with micro-sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems (238.48 kg/fed) and (204.80kg/fed), respectively.  Maximum crude Jatropha oil content "CJO" (%) (29.33%) was obtained under trickle irrigation system at 60% applied irrigation water and 4 days intervals, comparing with micro-sprinkler and bubbler systems (24.2%) and (23.21%), respectively.  lowest actual evapotranspiration "ETa" for (initial, development, mid-season, and late-season) growth stages of value were (50.50, 326.37, 671.79 and 142.34) respectively and 1191mm for all-season, were obtained under trickle irrigation system at 60% applied irrigation water with 2 days intervals.  Water use efficiency under bubbler irrigation system at 80% applied water quantity and 2 day intervals (0.18 kg/m 3) was highest than different treatments.