Today, the general public has become increasingly aware of salmonellosis problems. Organic acids are known by their antimicrobial potential and commonly used for improving the quality of poultry feed. In this context, the present work evaluated the inhibitory effect of four organic acids, namely, acetic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, and tartaric acid, at different levels of contamination by Salmonella typhimurium. The neutralization of these organic acids in vitro and in the presence of one-day-old chick's organs was also investigated during the search for Salmonella serovars in birds as described in the Moroccan standard “NM 08.0.550.” The effect of four organic acids on Salmonella typhimurium was tested in vitro and in the presence of chick's organs at different concentrations set of strain and organic acids tested. The MIC results demonstrated that tartaric acid, citric acid, and acetic acid inhibited Salmonella typhimurium at concentrations of 0.312%, 0.625%, and 0.512% for the three levels of strain: 10, 100, and 103 CFU/ml, respectively, while lactic acid and depending on the amount of the strain introduced acts differently: 0.078% for 10 CFU/ml and 0.156% for 100 and 103 CFU/ml. The concentration of 0.04M of Na2HPO4 solution has proved, in vitro, in caecums and organs of chicks (in presence of organic acids) that strain introduced, even at low concentrations, can be recovered. The use of additives has beneficial effects in Salmonella control program. However, the present results recommend the amendment of Salmonella research standard, taking into account the probable presence of organic acids in digestive content of one-day-old chicks.

Brucellosis causes substantial economic losses in sheep and goat flocks, in addition to causing a debilitating disease, called Malta fever, when transmitted to humans. In many countries, the control of brucellosis in small ruminants is principally based on the use of the live Brucella melitensis Rev. 1 vaccine (10). This vaccine considerably increases the resistance of animals to infection and reduces the number of Brucella-induced abortions (2, 5, 19). However, when this

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Campylobacteriosis is a zoonotic disease caused by Campylobacter, mostly associated with consumption of contaminated foodstuffs and water. Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli recognized as the leader of foodborne diarrheal illness in humans. The frequency of these microorganisms in poultry is fairly high than Salmonella and more challenging to measure, which represent an expensive burden charge on public health due to their difficulties to master them, especially with the fast increase rates of multidrug-resistant of thermophilic Campylobacter strains. It is well recognized that Campylobacter spp. is a fastidious cell, difficult to isolate in laboratories owing to their requirements and sensibility. That’s why; these factors must be taken into consideration during recovery protocols. A variety of phenotyping tests have been reported and widely used for confirmation and identification of Campylobacter species. Nonetheless, Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) and Culture-Independent Diagnostic Tests (CIDTs) are new eras of hopeful technologies, mainly involved in the detection and characterization of threaten public health pathogens. This review aimed to describe the culture methods, phenotypic and genotypic schemes used to isolate, identify, and characterize Campylobacter isolates, through discussing the current knowledge and gaps related to the application of these techniques over others performed for typing this microaerophilic genus.

Histamine poisoning is a significant public health problem. Therefore, the monitoring of histamine content in fish and fishery products is considered to be a crucial measure in the seafood industry. In the present study, a simple and rapid densitometric thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) method for histamine determination in fish samples was developed and validated. The samples were homogenized with 10% trichloroacetic acid and histamine was efficiently extracted. Then, an appropriate derivatization procedure was adopted with dansyl chloride. Once the derivatization was carried out, the samples were applied to silica gel TLC plates and developed by ascending chromatography with chloroform-triethylamine (6:4, v/v) as the mobile phase. The intensity of the histamine-dansyl derivative spots was measured by densitometry at 365 nm, and the quantitation was performed by BIO-1D image processing software. The validation of this method revealed good linearity and specificity over a concentration range from 6.25 to 100 mg/kg. Adequate precision was shown by relative standard deviations (RSD) smaller than 4.82%, accuracy ranged from −6.88% to 5.28%, and satisfactory recoveries ranging from 93% to 105% were obtained. The Limit of Detection and the Limit of Quantification were calculated at 4.4 mg/kg and 10.5 mg/kg, respectively. In addition, the effectiveness of the proposed method was assessed by the analysis of various samples, and the obtained results were confirmed with those achieved by the HPLC-UV method. Moreover, the developed method was found to be simple, cheap, and suitable for application to analyze several samples simultaneously.