The characteristics of presheaths near an electrically floating plate in weakly collisional argon multidipole plasmas are investigated with a combination of data from laser induced fluorescence using a diode laser, Mach probes, emissive probes, and Langmuir probes. It is shown that ion–neutral collisions result in an increase in ion temperature from approximately room temperature in the bulk plasma to 0.13 eV, 0.5 cm from the plate, the location of the closest measurement. In addition, at that point, the presheath plasma potential drop is greater than Te/2, and the drift velocity is equal to 0.5 cs, where cs is the ion sound velocity.

Characteristics of laser produced Cu plasma were investigated using spectroscopy, a CCD camera, and a Langmuir single probe. A pulsed Nd : YAG laser of 52 mJ, 335 nm, and pulse duration 7 ns was used for generating high density plasma in vacuum and argon buffer gas. Spectroscopic measurements were devoted to determine plasma lifetime, electron temperature T e , plasma velocity V p , and electron density N e . T e was determined using a Boltzmann plot and N e was determined using Stark line broadening. Langmuir single probe was located at 3.5 mm from Cu target to measure T e and N e . The T e values of the probe were coincident with the spatial profile of determined by spectroscopic measurements. Plasma lifetime and the CCD camera image were dependent on the Ar pressure. These plasma parameters improve the laser plasma deposition thin films.

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A simplified static method for estimating the member forces in self-supporting lattice telecommunication towers due to both horizontal and vertical earthquake excitations is presented in this paper. The method is based on the modal superposition technique and the response spectrum approach, which are widely used for seismic analysis of linear structures. It is assumed that the lowest three flexural modes of vibration are sufficient to correctly estimate the tower's response to horizontal excitation, while only the lowest axial mode is sufficient to capture the response to vertical excitation. An acceleration profile along the height of the tower is defined using estimates of the lowest three flexural modes or the lowest axial mode, as appropriate, together with the spectral acceleration values corresponding to the associated natural periods. After the mass of the tower is calculated and lumped at the leg joints, a set of equivalent static lateral or vertical loads can be determined by simply multiplying the mass profile by the acceleration profile. The tower is then analyzed statically under the effect of these loads to evaluate the member forces. This procedure was developed on the basis of detailed dynamic analysis of ten existing three-legged self-supporting telecommunication towers with height range of 30-120 m. The maximum differences in member forces obtained with the proposed method and the detailed seismic analysis are of the order of ±25% in the extreme cases, with an average difference of ±7%. The results obtained for two towers with heights of 66 and 83 m are presented in this paper to demonstrate the accuracy and practicality of the proposed method.Key words: self-supporting tower, earthquake, vertical excitation, dynamic analysis.

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