The incidence of acute biphenotypic leukaemia has ranged from less than 1% to almost 50% in various reports in the literature. This wide variability may be attributed to a number of reasons including lack of consistent diagnostic criteria, use of various panels of antibodies, and the failure to recognize the lack of lineage specificity of some of the antibodies used. The morphology, cytochemistry, immunophenotype and cytogenetics of acute biphenotypic leukaemias from our institution were studied. The diagnostic criteria took into consideration the morphology of the analysed cells, light scatter characteristics, and evaluation of antibody fluorescence histograms in determining whether the aberrant marker expression was arising from leukaemic blasts or differentiated bone marrow elements. Fifty-two of 746 cases (7%) fulfilled our criteria for acute biphenotypic leukaemias. These included 30 cases of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) expressing myeloid antigens, 21 cases of acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML) expressing lymphoid markers, and one case of ALL expressing both B- and T-cell associated antigens. The acute biphenotypic leukaemia cases consisted of four major immunophenotypic subgroups: CD2+ AML (11), CD19+ AML (8), CD13 and/or CD33+ ALL (24), CD11b+ ALL (5) and others (4). Chromosomal analysis was carried out in 42/52 of the acute biphenotypic leukaemia cases; a clonal abnormality was found in 31 of these 42 cases. This study highlights the problems encountered in the diagnosis of acute biphenotypic leukaemia, some of which may be responsible for the wide variation in the reported incidence of this leukaemia. We suggest that the use of strict, uniform diagnostic criteria may help in establishing a more consistent approach towards diagnosis of this leukaemic entity. We also suggest that biphenotypic leukaemia is comprised of biologically different groups of leukaemia based on immunophenotypic and cytogenetic findings.

Banning antibiotic growth promoters has negatively impacted poultry production and sustainability, which led to exploring efficient alternatives such as probiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics. Effect of in ovo injection of Bacillus subtilis, raffinose, and their synbiotics on growth performance, cecal microbial population and volatile fatty acid concentration, ileal histomorphology, and ileal gene expression was investigated in broilers (Gallus gallus) raised for 21 days. On 300 h of incubation, a total of 1,500 embryonated eggs were equally allotted into 10 groups. The first was non-injected (NC) and the remaining in ovo injected with sterile distilled water (PC), B. subtilis 4 × 105 and 4 × 106 CFU (BS1 and BS2), Raffinose 2 and 3 mg (R1 and R2), B. subtilis 4 × 105 CFU + raffinose 2 mg (BS1R1), B. subtilis 4 × 105 CFU + raffinose 3 mg (BS1R2), B. subtilis 4 × 106 CFU + raffinose 2 mg (BS2R1), and B. subtilis 4 × 106 CFU + raffinose 3 mg (BS2R2). At hatch, 60 chicks from each group were randomly chosen, divided into groups of 6 replicates (10 birds/replicate), and fed with a corn–soybean-based diet. In ovo inoculation of B. subtilis and raffinose alone or combinations significantly improved body weight, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio of 21-day-old broilers compared to NC. Cecal concentrations of butyric, pentanoic, propionic, and isobutyric acids were significantly elevated in R1, R2, BS2R1, and BS2R2, whereas isovaleric and acetic acids were significantly increased in R1 and BS2R1 compared to NC. Cecal microbial population was significantly altered in treated groups. Ileal villus height was increased (p < 0.001) in BS1, R2, and BS2R2 compared to NC. The mRNA expression of mucin-2 was upregulated (p < 0.05) in synbiotic groups except for BS1R1. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression was increased (p < 0.05) in BS2, R1, BS1R1, and BS1R2 compared to NC. SGLT-1 expression was upregulated (p < 0.05) in all treated birds except those of R1 group compared to NC. The mRNA expressions of interleukin (IL)-2 and toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 were downregulated (p < 0.05) in BS2 and R1 for IL-2 and BS1R1 and BS2R2 for TLR-4. It was concluded that in ovo B. subtilis, raffinose, and synbiotics positively affected growth performance, cecal microbiota, gut health, immune responses, and thus the sustainability of production in 21-day-old broilers.

Nodular fasciitis is a benign proliferation of myofibroblast often misdiagnosed as a sarcoma of soft tissues. It is characterized by rich cellularity, mitotic activity and rapid growth. It is usually solitary, and occurs in the head and neck in childhood, and upper extremities in adulthood. We report the case of a four-year-old child who developed multiple lesions in the head, neck and trunk. Nodular fasciitis was diagnosed in this reported case by incisional biopsy. Case ReportA four-year-old Sudanese boy presented with a two-week history of a painless scapular mass, which was progressively increasing in size and was associated with moderate restriction of right arm movement. His father denied any history of trauma. The patient had a history of bilateral halux valgus, which had been corrected two years previously. He was a product of a spontaneous vaginal delivery and had no family history of a similar problem. The result of clinical examination showed a 5x10 cm firm mass at the angle of the right scapula fixed to underlying muscle. The area was not tender to palpation, had no warmth or erythema, and the overlying skin was freely mobile. There was limitation of abduction up to 70°, and restriction in bending forward due to a bulky right paraspinal muscle Initial laboratory findings revealed the following: WBC count, 8.2x10/L; ESR, 7 mm in the first hour; creatine kinase, 169 U/L (normal, 25-200 U/L); alkaline phosphatase, 455 U/L (98-279 U/L); and calcium level of 10.46 mg/dL (8.1-10.4 mg/dL).The radiological evaluation of the patient included a chest x-ray (Figure 1), which showed right-sided chest wall swelling mainly at the scapular region. The opacity was homogenous, with no calcification or bony lesion. Enhanced CT scan showed slightly infiltrating mass of soft tissue density among muscles of the right shoulder and chest wall. Fine-needle aspiration was inconclusive. The patient was taken to the operating room, and incisional biopsy was performed under general anesthesia. At surgery, there was no line of demarcation between the subcutaneous tissue, tumor and underlying muscle. Therefore, a wedge biopsy was taken, including subcutaneous tissue and muscle. Closure was performed in the usual fashion.The patient was discharged home while awaiting histopathology report. Microscopic examination of the biopsy demonstrated a sparsely cellular lesion, composed of immature, plump and slender fibroblasts in a loose background, and containing extravasated red blood cells and rare inflammatory cells, particularly mast cells. The fibroblasts were haphazardly arranged, relatively uniform in size and shape, and had oval pale staining nuclei, with prominent nucleoli and rare mitotic figures. These cells resembled fibroblasts seen in tissue culture ( Figure 2). Residual skeletal muscle fibers were seen within the lesion, which indicated infiltration of the surrounding skeletal muscle. These microscopic features were consistent with nodular fasciitis. The child was seen in the outpatient clinic one week after the operation....

The primary goals of this cross-sectional study were to screen various food/water, and human samples for the presence of Salmonella species, and to assess the phenotypic and genetic relationship between resistances found in food and human Salmonella isolates to critically important antibiotics. Between November 2019 and May 2021, 501 samples were randomly collected for Salmonella isolation and identification using standard culturing methods, biochemical, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and PCR techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on confirmed Salmonella species, and PCR was used to investigate the genetic components that confer these resistance traits. Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica was confirmed in 35 (6.99%) of the samples (raw food = 23, ready-to-eat food/drink [REF/D] = 5, human = 7). Seventeen of them were antibioticresistant to at least one class, and eight were multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates (raw food = 7, human = 1). All Salmonella isolates were susceptible to carbapenems, thirdand fourth-generation cephalosporins and monobactam antibiotics. Resistance phenotypes to aminoglycosides (48.57%), β-lactams (20%) and tetracycline (17.14%), as well as associated genes such as aadA, bla TEM , bla Z and tetA, as well as dfrA and sul1, were prevalent in Salmonella isolates. Colistin resistance genotype (mcr1) was detected in three (8.57%) isolates recovered from egg, cattle mince and rabbit meat, and the total incidence was 14.29% when two isolates exhibited resistance phenotypes were considered. Furthermore, four (11.43%) MDR isolates shared the bla TEM and bla Z genes, and one (2.86%) isolate contained three extended spectrum β-lactams producing genes (ESBL), namely bla CTX , bla TEM and bla Z . The gyrA gene was expressed by one of three foodborne Salmonella isolates (8.57%) with ciprofloxacin resistance phenotypes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report from Egypt identifying colistin resistance in Salmonella enterica recovered from cattle minced meat and rabbit meat. Overall, the highest incidence rate of Salmonella enterica was found in cattle-derived products, and it was slightly more prevalent in RTE/D foods than in raw foods. Resistance to critical and clinically important antibiotics, particularly in Salmonella from RTE/D food,

Lymphoma arising in and confined to the adrenal glands is unusual and is termed primary adrenal lymphoma. Bilateral primary adrenal nonHodgkin's lymphoma is rare. We report 58-year-old woman with bilateral primary adrenal lymphoma and adrenal insufficiency.

Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is a contagious immunosuppressive viral infection of young chickens. Intra-cloacal approach is effective for vaccinating chicks with high maternally derived IBD antibodies; however, the vaccinal traditional dose may be unsuitable for this route. A total of 60 one-day-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicks were randomly distributed into four groups. Group-1: was control and chicks in group-2: were vaccinated with 10 3.5 TCID50 of D78 strain/ bird via intra-cloacal route, chicks in group-3: were vaccinated with a ten-fold higher dose (10 4.5 TCID50/bird) and chicks in group-4: were vaccinated with a dose of 10 2.5 TCID50 of D78 strain/bird using same approach. IBD antibody titers were measured at the 14 th and 21 st days of age. The immunosuppressive effects of different doses were determined through humoral immune response to avian influenza and Newcastle disease vaccines, the relative weight of primary lymphoid organs, and histopathologically evaluated bursal lesions. The results indicated that a dose even ten-fold higher than the usual dose to SPF chicks via intra-cloacal route caused neither morbidity nor mortality. All vaccine doses induced potent immune responses against IBD, but the highest IBD antibodies titers were observed in group-4 while IBD antibodies titers were decreased with increasing vaccine doses in other experimental groups. Even the vaccinated birds showed moderate histopathological lesions and the diminutive relative weight of bursae; there was no immunosuppressive effect in the immune response to other vaccines in group-4 and transient immunosuppressive effect in groups-2 and-3. All that proves the safety and effectiveness of various intra-cloacal vaccination approach doses.

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