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Extract of grape Vitis vinifera has been reported to exhibit antioxidant and antimutagenic activities and the phenolic compounds play a vital role in determining these activities. Therefore; the objective of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-mutagenic activities as well as the phenolic composition of different grape cultivar extracts collected from Taif region. The grape cultivars namely; Italian, American, Lebanese, Taify b and Taify e were collected at maturity stage to represent Taif region cultivars. The total concentrations of phenoles were determined for the five cultivar extracts and results indicated that the concentrations ranged from 115-960 mg L −1 Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE). Also, HPLC analysis included was carried out of nine important phenolic compounds namely; Cyanidine chloride, Myricetin, Chrysin, Quercetin, Delphinidine chloride, Malvidine chloride, Naringenin, Galangin and Caffeic acid. Significant differences among cultivars were obtained for each compound. However, the highest cultivar for each compound differed from compound to another. At the same time, DPPH was used to estimate antioxidant activity and the data showed that different grape cultivar extracts were able to quench 47-60% of DPPH radical solution and to exhibited potent radical scavenging activity. Also, antimutagenic activity was measured as a decrease of chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow cells of mice treated with the mutagen Endoxan. Results showed that treatment of mice with grape cultivar extracts resulted in a significant decrease in all types of chromosomal aberrations induced by Endoxan. Also, the anticlastogenic effect was measured using micronulei test and results indicated that all grape cultivar extracts reduced significantly the effect of Endoxan on micronulei test. Finally, treatment of mice with grape cultivar extracts enhanced mitotic index of mice bone marrow cells reduced by Endoxan treatment. The relationship between phenolic compound concentrations and antioxidant capacity was discussed.

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Kalamata" olive trees (Olea europea L.) about 10-years-old of nearly moderate vigor and productivity grown in sandy loam soil were selected. The trees were planted at 6×7 m apart under drip irrigation system. All trees received regularly the annual horticultural practices as usually adopted in the orchards. The four organic fertilizer sources i.e., fish scrap 2.5 Kg/ tree/ year, goat manure 16.8 Kg/tree/year, chicken manure 7.8 Kg/tree / year and olive pomace 8.5 Kg/tree/year; were applied with combination of biofertilizers Nitrobein 150 g/tree/year and Protamine ® 1.5% and dissolving in one liter of water then added to the soil at three times, at 70% full-bloom, after fruit set and a month later. According to the results obtained in this study, it is possible to recommend the use of organic fertilization, especially fish scrap, through the addition of bio-fertilization using Nitrobein with amino acid Protamine at a concentration of 1.5% combined. This treatment improved the vegetative growth and the leaf mineral content of olive trees to protecting the environment from the problems of pollution resulting from mineral fertilization as well as the use of environmental waste.

Establishment of an efficient adventitious shoot regeneration system for mature embryo of Prunus persica via shoot organogenesis has been achieved. Three different combinations of plant growth regulators (PGRs) have been applied in the current study; 6-Benzyl adenine (BA) or thidiazuron (TDZ) with Indole acetic acid (IAA) or Indole butyric acid (IBA). The high regeneration frequency was illustrated by 1.5 mg/l BA with 0.5 mg/l IAA combinations. Quantitative expression of eight epigenetic regulatory genes; Chromomethylase 3 (CMT3), Domains Rearranged Methyltransferase2 (DRM2), Fertilization Independent Endosperm (FIE2) and Chromodomain Protein Like Heterochromatin Protein1 (LHP1), Pickle (PKL), Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA), Shoot Meristemless (STM) and DICER-LIKE1 (DCL1) have been estimated in the peach regenerated shoots. We found that the auxins and cytokinins in different combinations especially BA effect on the expression of some epigenetic genes in relation to the mature embryo.