The neurobehavioural effects of trichloroethylene (TCE) were studied in rats following administration of the solvent orally (350, 700 and 1400 ppm in drinking water for 90 days) and through inhalation (376 ppm for 4 h a day, 5 days per week for 180 days). Various aspects of spontaneous locomotor activity were assessed at different periods after exposure through either of the routes. Oral exposure to TCE had no significant effect on spontaneous locomotor activity or cognitive ability, whereas inhalation to the solvent resulted in an increase in the distance travelled and horizontal activity counts at day 30 but a decrease at day 60 of exposure. The time spent in ambulatory and stereotypic movements as well as the number of stereotypic movements were enhanced significantly only at day 30. The resting time was decreased at day 30 but enhanced at day 60 of exposure. The learning ability was not affected significantly up to day 180. The results highlight the neurotoxic potential of inhalation exposure to TCE.
Prolonged exposures to hand-transmitted vibrations from grass-cutting machines have been associated with increasing occurrences of signs of occupational diseases related to the hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS). However, there are no specific processes available that cover the subjective and objective health cause-effects of the hand arm vibration risk factors during onsite operations. The objectives are (1) to measure the health subjective and objective risks during normal working conditions among hand-held grass-cutting workers and (2) to determine the significant correlation of the subjective and objective measurement variables of the Hand Arm Vibration Exposure Risk Assessment (HAVERA) on hand arm vibration symptoms and disorders. The study was conducted in two stages: evaluation of the HAVERA variables and development of the health prediction cause-effect model of the HAVERA process using multiple linear regressions and feed forward neural network programming. In the onsite measurement, the daily vibration value depicted an exceeded exposure action value of 2.5 m/s2 for both hands; and experiences of any finger colour change were claimed by 80% of the 204 subjects. This shows that HAVERA process provided a good indication of HAVS which are reported as vascular, neurological and musculoskeletal disorders. In the right and left hand prediction model development, the results demonstrated a higher reliability performance as compared to the linear model for hand grip strength and hand numerical scoring assessment. The prediction of the HAVERA model using the neural network method has been developed for monitoring health conditions due to hand-transmitted vibrations among hand-held grasscutting workers in Malaysia.
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