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TABLE 1: Mean (se) and range of clinical mastitis cases for cubicles and yards Mean (se) Mean (se) clinical clinical incidence/i 00 Number Type of Mean incidence/i 00 cows/winter of herds housing herd size cows/year Range housing period Range 355 Cubicles 110 33*(1.1) 0-163 19*(0.7) 0-52 161 Yards 101 38*(1.6) 2-231 24*(1.1) 0-107 * Values are significantly different from other values in the same row, P<0-05

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The aim of this research is to enhance the heat transfer of ventilated brake disks using modified vanes. The investigated braking scenario is a hold braking deceleration during a downhill drive. A simple model for computing the steady state vane’s temperature is presented. The heat transfer coefficient (HTC) of the brake disk’s ventilation is estimated by means of a verified CFD computation. A novel design for the vanes is proposed using an airfoil profile to improve the air pumping efficiency increasing the flow velocity between vanes. For further improving the ventilating capacity, a secondary airfoil vane is introduced to the primary airfoil vane design. The computed results estimate 17% to 29% improvement in HTC number for new vane design at different disk’s angular velocities.

Detonations usually form through either direct initiation or deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT). In this work, a detonation initiation process is introduced that shows attributes from each of these two processes. Energy is deposited into a finite volume of fluid in an amount of time that is similar to the acoustic time scale of the heated fluid volume. Two-dimensional simulations of the reactive Euler equations are used to solve for the evolving detonation initiation process. The results show behaviour similar to both direct initiation and DDT. Localized reaction transients are shown to be intimately related to the appearance of a detonation. Thermomechanical concepts are used to provide physical interpretations of the computational results in terms of the interaction between compressibility phenomena on the acoustic time scale and localized, spatially resolved, chemical energy addition on a heat-addition time scale.

Summary Truss optimization is a complex structural problem that involves geometric and mechanical constraints. In the present study, constrained mean‐variance mapping optimization (MVMO) algorithms have been introduced for solving truss optimization problems. Single‐solution and population‐based variants of MVMO are coupled with an adaptive exterior penalty scheme to handle geometric and mechanical constraints. These tools are explained and tuned for weight minimization of trusses with 10 to 200 members and up to 1,200 nonlinear constraints. The results are compared with those obtained from the literature and classical genetic algorithm. The results show that a MVMO algorithm has a rapid rate of convergence and its final solution can obviously outperform those of other algorithms described in the literature. The observed results suggest that a constrained MVMO is an attractive tool for engineering‐based optimization, particularly for computationally expensive problems in which the rate of convergence and global convergence are important.

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Summary The development of numerical approaches to perform direct numerical simulations of compressible multiphase flows has been an active field of research for several years. Proper treatment of fluid interfaces is crucial as important physics occur in this infinitesimally small region. Furthermore, the compressibility of the fluid requires proper treatment of discontinuities. Artificial diffusivity is among a number of methods widely used for compressible flows. This study develops a general form of consistent artificial diffusion fluxes and extends the localized artificial diffusivity method for high‐order central schemes to solve multiphase flows with an interface‐capturing method. These fluxes ensure an oscillation‐free interface for pressure, velocity, and temperature without employing a sharpening technique. Moreover, the high‐order representation of all scales in the flow helps capture the wide range of instabilities inherent in these flows. The goal is to develop an approach capable of performing high‐fidelity simulations supported by physics‐driven validation. This is achieved by solving the five‐equation model with the stiffened‐gas equation of state using the proposed method for multicomponent and multiphase flows on a variety of 1D and 2D problems.