Background
Salmonella typhi
is a foodborne pathogenic bacterium that threatens health. S. typhi infection exacerbated the antibiotic resistance problem that needs alternative strategies.
Moringa oleifera
possesses anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects. However, there is a lack of information about the pharmacological value of red
M. oleifera
. The fermentation of red
M. oleifera
leaves extract (RMOL) is expected to add to its nutritional value.
Objective
The present study aimed to evaluate non-fermented RMOL (NRMOL) and fermented RMOL (FRMOL) effects on
S. typhi
infection in mice.
Materials and methods
Female
Balb/C
mice were randomly divided into eight groups. The treatment groups were orally administered with NRMOL or FRMOL at doses 14, 42, and 84 mg/kg BW during the 28 days experimental period. Then
S. typhi
was introduced to mice through intraperitoneal injection except in the healthy groups. The NRMOL or FRMOL administration was continued for the next seven days. Cells that expressed CD11b
+
TLR3
+
, CD11b
+
TLR4
+
, CD11b
+
IL-6
+
, CD11b
+
IL-17
+
, CD11b
+
TNF-a
+
, and CD4
+
CD25
+
CD62L
+
were assessed by flow cytometry.
Results
Our result suggested that NRMOL and FRMOL extracts significantly reduced (
p
<
0.05
) the expression of CD11b
+
TLR3
+
, CD11b
+
TLR4
+
, CD11b
+
IL-6
+
, CD11b
+
IL-17
+
, and CD11b
+
TNF-α
+
subsets. In contrast, NRMOL and FRMOL extracts significantly increased (
p
<
0.05
) the expression of CD4
+
CD25
+
CD62L
+
subsets. NRMOL at dose 14 and 42 mg/kg BW was more effective compared to FRMOL in reducing the expression of CD11b
+
TLR3
+
, CD11b
+
TLR4
+
, and CD11b
+
TNF-α
+
subsets.
Conclusion
Our findings demonstrated that NRMOL and FRMOL extracts could be promising agents for protection against
S. ty...
Defense against pathogens is essential for survival and it is controlled by innate and adaptive immunity. Phagocytosis is a complex mechanism that involved the activation of macrophages and its cytokines, stimulated T cells, then activation of B cells. Moringa oleifera plants are thought to have immunostimulatory properties due to its complex nutrients and phenolic acids and flavonoids contents as phytochemicals. Lactobacillus plantarum is able to produce lactic acid as the final product to reform carbohydrates, hydrogen peroxide, and bacteriocin as antimicrobial substances, which lead to inhibit pathogenic bacteria. This experiment aims to evaluate the CD11b+ and B220+ population after Salmonella typhi infection with/without administration of M.oleifera leaves extract. Salmonella typhi was labeled with carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) to determine phagocytosis activity. This experiment used was a complete randomized factorial pattern design. Mice were divided into two groups, namely the without treatment group and treatment group mice (fermented red M. oleifera leaves extract dose 84 mg/kg BW) and infected by Salmonella typhi. Data analysis was confirmed with the one-way ANOVA test followed by Tukey test (p<0.05). The results showed that fermented red M. oleifera leaves extract can increase the number of CD11b+and B220+ cells at the time of 2 hours and 4 hours.
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