Freeze-dried onion sprout was steam-distilled, and the distillate was extracted with dichloromethane (volatile sample). Water sample I was obtained from the residual aqueous solution in the extractor. The filtrate and the methanol extract of filtrand from the residual aqueous solution in the steam distillation flask were named water sample II and methanol sample, respectively. Among the total of 71 components identified in the volatile sample, 24 were sulfur-containing compounds, which comprised 36.87% of the total volatile chemicals identified. The volatile sample inhibited hexanal oxidation for 40 days by >99% at levels >100 microg/mL. The volatile sample and water sample II exhibited moderate antioxidant activity in a malonaldehyde/gas chromatography assay and thiobarbituric acid assay, whereas water sample I did not show appreciable activity. The volatile sample, water sample I, and water sample II exhibited anti-inflammatory activity with a dose-related response in the lipoxygenase inhibitor screening assay. However, the methanol sample did not show appreciable activity in either antioxidant or anti-inflammatory tests. The results suggest that onion sprouts can be an excellent food source.

Essential oils have traditionally been used for decades to alleviate the symptoms of various mental problems. In terms of anxiolytic-like properties, lavender oil is probably the most commonly used and best-studied essential oil. Although there is compositional variance among the oils extracted from different origins, there have been few studies performed to date to investigate how these differences affect the expression of anxiolytic-like activity. This paper discusses the interspecies differences and contributions of the main constituents in the expression of anxiolytic-like effects upon inhalation, as assessed in mice by the elevated-plus maze test, by comparing the essential oils from six different species of Lavandula. The results showed qualitative and quantitative variations in the tested oils, which results in significant differences in their anxiolytic-like activities. Our findings also suggest that linalyl acetate (LA) works synergistically with linalool (LO) and that the presence of both LA and LO is essential for the whole oil to work as an inhaled anti-anxiety agent.

We conclude that off-pump endarterectomy of the LAD is a viable option for patients with diffuse LAD disease.

We studied the effects of habitat mosaics on butterfly assemblage on multiple spatial scales: landscape, landscape element, local habitat, and microhabitat, based on the transect counts conducted along a 3.84 km route. The transect route, including 21 local habitats, passed through two distinct areas: 1.65 km of a secondary deciduous Quercus forest and the grove of a shrine in Hiraoka, and 2.19 km of a mosaic of secondary deciduous Quercus forest, grassland, and farmland in Narukawa. The diversity of the landscape elements and species richness were higher in Narukawa than in Hiraoka; the landscape mosaic enhanced the species richness in Narukawa. However, the diversity indices and specialist species (univoltine tree feeder) were decreased in this mosaic landscape. The species richness at local habitats was also increased by the mosaic of microhabitats, such as the herbaceous layer, glade, and mantle in the local habitats, whereas it was decreased by an abundant shrub layer. The ratios of species richness to abundance in the local habitats were lower than expected based on random sampling from the total of Hiraoka and Narukawa. This means that local assemblages were non‐random samples from an assemblage on the landscape or regional scale, and were made up by the process of habitat selection of butterfly species in the assemblages on the landscape or regional scale. For conservation of butterfly assemblages, we recommend that woodlands should be kept without fragmentation, but with glades or small grasslands, and with clearance of the shrub layer along the path.

N4-Aminocytidine is a potent mutagen toward Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. It induced reversion of an amber mutant of phi X174 phage (am3) to the wild type. This reversion was shown to be exclusively due to the AT to GC transition. It is likely that N4-aminocytidine is metabolized within the bacterial cells into N4-aminodeoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate and this nucleotide is incorporated into DNA during the multiplication of the cells and the phages, thereby causing base-pair transitions. The molecular basis for this erroneous replication was obtained in studies of in vitro incorporation of N4-aminodeoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate into polynucleotides catalyzed by the E. coli DNA polymerase I large fragment. The results have shown that this cytosine analogue can be efficiently incorporated as a substitute of cytosine and that it can also be incorporated as a substitute of thymine. The ratio in the rate of the N4-aminocytosine nucleotide incorporation to that of natural nucleotide incorporation was 1/2 to cytosine and 1/30 to thymine. Furthermore, the N4-aminocytosine residues in the polynucleotide templates can be read by the enzyme as efficiently as cytosines, and guanines were incorporated opposite to them.