Background: Infectious diseases are a major cause of morbidity & mortality in children. One of the most cost effective & easy methods for child survival is immunization. In May 1974, the World Health Organization (WHO) officially launched a global immunization programme known as Expanded Programme of immunization (EPI) to protect all the children of the world against 6 Vaccine Preventable Diseases by the year 2000. It was later redesignated as Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) since 1985. The objectives of this study were to assess the dropout rate and primary immunization coverage of children aged 12-23 months in Surendranagar city and to know the various reasons for partially or not immunizing the child. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study. Thirty clusters were selected out of a total of 282 blocks of Surendranagar using the cluster sampling method. Cluster sampling method was used for sample selection and the proforma designed by UNICEF was used as a study tool. Sample size was 210 children (7 Children from each cluster) of aged 12-23 months. The obtained data were analyzed using appropriate statistical tests like Z test and X2 test. Results: Out Of the 210 surveyed children, 121(57.62%) were males and 89(42.38%) were females. Immunization card was available for 69.52% of children and fully immunized were 70.47%. Coverage was highest for BCG (95.71%) followed by OPV3 (82.85%), DPT3 (79.52%) and lowest for measles (75.23%). As far as the dropout rate is concerned, it was 21.39%, 10.21%, and 9.37% for BCG to measles, DPT1 to DPT3, and OPV1 to OPV3, respectively. Amongst the various reasons main reasons for dropout or unimmunization of children were ignorance in about 64% and lack of information regarding time, place and schedule (21%). Conclusions: Improvement should focus on reducing the dropout rate from DPT2/OPV2 to DPT3/OPV3 and improving coverage of measles and also Vitamin A. [Int J Basic Clin Pharmacol 2013; 2(3.000): 286-289
Background: Vision is the most important special sense in human being. Normal vision is essential for normal physical, mental, psychological development and education. Causes of the preventable blindness are often the result of a combination of factors such as poverty, lack of education and inadequate health-care services. The objectives of the study were to determine the pattern of ocular morbidity in patient attending ophthalmic OPD and to find out the association of most common ocular morbidity with different variables. Methods: The cross sectional study was conducted in ophthalmic department at GMERS medical college, Valsad, Gujarat, India. It is a part of the research activity during internship period in Community Medicine department. All patients who attended ophthalmic OPD in third week of April at this hospital were enlisted in this study with their consent. The patients were seen in ophthalmic OPD by ophthalmologist, proper anterior and posterior segment evaluation was done. Data includes registration number, name, gender, education, locality, occupation, H/o systemic illness, refractive error and the diagnosis. Results: In majority of patients attending ophtahlmic OPD were with occular morbidity specifically refractory error and cataract i.e. 54% and 50% respectively. The prevalence of cataract is significantly lesser in <40 years of age, as it is an age related disease. Second most common occular morbidities observed in our study period was conjunctivitis. Cataract has correlation with age, rural locality and female preponderance. Conclusions: Majority of ocular morbidity were either preventable or treatable. Cataract (65 patients out of 130) being the commonest. If detection is early in the course, prevalence of ocular morbidity can be greatly reduced. The leading causes of ocular morbidity in our study were cataract, a conjunctivitis, and refractive error. A large number of OPD patients were constituted by follow up of cataract surgeries.
Context: Efficient roll out of COVID-19 vaccines requires high-quality preparedness at all levels and robust planning and training regarding COVID-19 vaccination, use of CoWIN software, post-vaccination care and communication for all health functionaries. Aims: The current study attempts to fill the research gap in monitoring of COVID-19 vaccination session sites in tribal areas of UT of Dadra and Nagar Haveli (DNH) during COVID-19 pandemic. Methods and Material: It was a cross sectional observational study conducted from April to May 2021 at 36 purposively selected COVID-9 vaccination session sites. Sites were monitored independently for assessing various parameters like infrastructure, HR status, vaccine, logistics availability, and AEFI management using the WHO Session Site Monitoring Form for COVID-19 Vaccination. Results: Out of 36 session sites observed, three separate designated rooms were available at 21 (58.3%) sites. Almost two-third of the session sites (61.1%) had displayed information, education, communication (IEC) materials. Mean number of team members was 5.1 (SD 1.7). Adequate stock of vaccine vials and AD syringes, AEFI kits or anaphylaxis kits were available and biomedical waste segregation was as per guidelines at all the session sites. Conclusions: Logistics availability, safe injection practices, and COVID-appropriate behavior were adequate; however, infrastructure and post-vaccination care needs strengthening for successful rollout of COVID-19 vaccination.
Background: The number of maternal death has decreased by 43% from an estimated 532 000 in 1990 to 303 000 in 2015. The progress is notable, but the annual rate of decline is less than half of what is needed to achieve the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) target of reducing the maternal mortality ratio by 75% between 1990 and 2015, which would require an annual decline of 5.5%. Our aims of study to evaluate the mode of delivery and its obstetric and fetal outcomes and to find out the association between Mode of delivery with socio demographic and medical complication.Methods: Study design was a retrospective analytical record based study. In study setting, conducted in tertiary care hospital at GMERS Medical College and Civil hospital, Valsad, Gujarat. Detailed information is obtained from last 6 months review of data from obstetric and gynecology department. A data analysis of the outcome was carried out by using appropriate statistical test and MS excel.Results: out of total 692 mothers for maternal age majority of them from the age group of 21-25 ages followed by 26- 30 yrs of age which were 46.96% and 24.27% respectively. Out of the 644 babies majority of babies were born at term (43.43%) followed by very low birth weight (41.55%).Conclusions: No statistically proven association found between modes of delivery with mothers socio demographic characteristics and between mothers literacy status with weight of child and week of gestations.
Background: In many developing countries, a culture of silence surrounds the topic of menstruation and related issues; as results many young girls having lack of appropriate and sufficient information regarding menstrual hygiene. This may result in incorrect and unhealthy behavior during their menstrual periods. Objectives: To assess knowledge, belief, ideas, sources of knowledge and practice of menstrual hygiene among girls of GMERS Medical College, Valsad. Methods: It is a cross sectional study conducted in GMERS Medical College, Valsad. The sample size was 203 girls (1styr-61 girls, IIndyr – 82 girls, IIIrdyr – 60 girls) all girls those were present on the day of study were included in study sample. Data was collected by pre-designed Questionnaire. The obtained data was analyzed by using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science), Chi- Square test was used to associate various findings. Results: During our study, we found that 84% girls had knowledge about menstruation before they experienced first and Mother was found to be the main source of information. Most of girls religious activities were restricted during periods in both Hindus (73%) and Muslims (90%) religion.86.7% girls use sanitary napkins where as 13.3% girls use clothes and reuse them. Conclusion: Menstrual hygiene is a vital aspect of health education for girls. Significantly more number of girls in the urban area was using commercially available sanitary pads as compare to the rural girls. For improvement of menstrual hygiene, sanitary napkins should be made universally available and at affordable cost. Key words: Menstrual hygiene, Sanitary napkin, Reproductive health, College girls, Myths.
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