Target market identification is a necessary step in planning and developing marketing strategies. In situations in which the consumer faces many choices, the success of product marketing will be largely determined by the suitability of the product to the needs of consumers in a particular segment. The company could not connect with all its customers in a large, wide, or diverse market. But they could divide market into a consumer group or segment with different needs and wants. On this stand, the company must identify which market segments it could serve effectively. Modern marketing strategies have currently used STP (Segmenting, Targeting, Positioning): (1) Segmenting is grouping markets into homogeneous consumer groups, in which each group can be chosen as targeted market for marketing a product. (2) Targeting. After the company identifies the market segment opportunity, then it will evaluate the various segments to decide which segment is considered the target market. (3) Positioning is an image formed in the mind of a consumer concerning the names of company or product.
The time value of money is associated with the current value and future value because the money received now is more worth than the money received in the future. However, is the concept of time value of money is appropriate and justified by the Shari'ah? The time value of money is a concept that says that the money of the one rupiah that can be received today is more worth than one rupiah which will be received in the future time. The concept of time value of money is needed by financial managers in making decision when will invest in an asset and determine the source of loan funds that will be chosen. Methods for the time value of money pervade; a) the method of average rate of return. This method measures the level of profit gained by an investment. The disadvantage of this method is ignoring the time value of money; b) the payback period method. The method measures how fast the investment return is, the sooner the better; c) method of net present value (NPV). This method calculates quarrel between the current value of investment and the present value of net cash receipts in the future and calculates quarrel between the present value of cash outflow (investment) and cash inflow (income) per year; d) profitability index method (PI). This method calculates ratio between the present value of net cash receipts in the future and the present value of the investment; and e) the methods of internal rate of return (IRR). If IRR > saving or profit required → decent. Islam views money as a flow concept. Money must rotate in an economy and may not be idle for too long time. Moreover, it lets for years. Islam does not recognize the method of time value of money because this method adds value to money solely with increasing time and not effort. Islam actually knows the money value of time; that is the time has economic value as well as the money value of money. Imam Nawawi provides definition related to value addition for money based solely on the value of time is the category of riba.
Critical discourse analysis is a view of language in discourse analysis that views powers as always involved in forming subjects represented in language. The AWK model used in this paper is Norman Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis. Critical discourse analysis, which generally analyzes media texts, can also be used to analyze literary works, including novels. The novel analyzed by Norman Fairclough’s discourse analysis is the novel Bumi Manusia by Manusiaya Ananta Toer. Norman Fairclough’s discourse analysis examines text, discourse practice, and sociocultural practice. The three aspects of Norman Fairclough’s discourse analysis can be answered through the descriptive method text section the researcher can find three basic elements in the Norman Fairclough model, namely elements of representation, relations, and identity in the novel Bumi Manusia. Meanwhile, this paper will only discuss one element, namely representation. The result of this research is that culture is found in the text of the novel Bumi Manusia, in the form of daily behavior, language, clothes, to the names that appear in the text of the novel. In the text of the Bumi Manusia novel, there are also several cultures, not only Indonesian culture but, there is also Dutch culture by the contents of the story or synopsis of the novel describes indigenous life side by side with the Dutch.
In order for humans could reach the so-called falah (goodness), human behavior needs to be colored with the spirit and norms of Islamic economics reflected in its values. The principles and values of Islamic economics are considerably two inseparable things. The implementation of economic principles without being colored with values or values without being based on principles could keep people far away from their purpose, namely falah. The implementation of values not based on principles will tend to bring with it the normative economics, which would cause it trapped into injustice. While the implementation of values on the Islamic economic development is based on the five universal values, namely akidah (belief), 'adl (justice), nubuwwah (prophetic), khilafah (the government), and ma'ad (results). The five principles are used as the basis for building theories of Islamic economics. But strong and adequate theories not applied into a system will make the Islamic economics just as the study of science without giving positive impact on the economic life. Therefore, based on the five universal values, the three derivative principles should be built into the characteristics and the forerunner of the Islamic economic system. The Islamic economic system makes sure that there are no economic transactions that are contrary to the Shari'a. But business performance depends on the man behind the gun. For that reason, the economic actors within this framework could be held by non-Muslims. The Islamic economics could only be developed if the mindset and behavior of Muslims are already itqan (diligent) and ihsan (professional). It "may be" one of the secrets of the Prophet's statement, saying "Truly I was sent to perfect good character". Because good character could be an indicator of knowing good or bad behavior in determining both the success and the failure of business itself.
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