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The study of enzyme function often involves a multi-disciplinary approach. Several techniques are documented in the literature towards determining secondary and tertiary structures of enzymes, and X-ray crystallography is the most explored technique for obtaining three-dimensional structures of proteins. Knowledge of three-dimensional structures is essential to understand reaction mechanisms at the atomic level. Additionally, structures can be used to modulate or improve functional activity of enzymes by the production of small molecules that act as substrates/cofactors or by engineering selected mutants with enhanced biological activity. This paper presentes a short overview on how to streamline sample preparation for crystallographic studies of treated enzymes. We additionally revise recent developments on the effects of pressurized fluid treatment on activity and stability of commercial enzymes. Future directions and perspectives on the the role of crystallography as a tool to access the molecular mechanisms underlying enzymatic activity modulation upon treatment in pressurized fluids are also addressed.

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Fusel oil (FO) is one of the by-products of the sugar-alcohol industry, which has application as an additional source of higher alcohols for production of esters with flavoring, fuels and lubricants properties, as well as additives in petroleum-based fuels and in pesticide formulations. Thus, this review is focused on the characteristics of FO and its applications as an acyl acceptor in transesterification and esterification reactions for esters production, its addition to fossil fuels, and the herbicidal and fungicidal potential of the compounds presented in its chemical composition. The operating conditions of the process, results obtained, and patented applications in the food, cosmetic, transportation and agricultural sectors are also reported and discussed. Furthermore, main trends, challenges and recommendations are proposed in order to overcome the disadvantages of applying FO in the reported sectors, as well as alternatives for the development of new lines of research are suggested.

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O descarte de cascas, talos, folhas e sementes no processamento de frutas, hortaliças e cereais gera quantidades elevadas de resíduos orgânicos, chamando a atenção para o problema ambiental e socioeconômico. Assim, como forma de aproveitar o resíduo da produção de sucos de laranja e/ou limão tão rico em nutrientes, reduzir a produção de resíduos e ainda produzir uma iguaria deliciosa, um Plano de Aula Prática de produção de casquinhas de laranja cristalizadas foi desenvolvido visando à Educação Ambiental dos estudantes do 9º ano do Ensino Fundamental, passível de ser realizado, inclusive, de forma remota, caseira e intuitiva. Dessa forma, o Plano é compartilhado para que possa ser utilizado na condução de aulas práticas por professores da Educação Básica.

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