Background: Rhinosporidiosis is considered an endemic disease in some countries and can affect several species of animals, among them, also equines. In this specie, although the nasal cavity is the most common site of infection, in some cases, it could also be spotted in the larynx region. The present study had as an objective to describe two cases of rhinosporidiosis in horses, one of them nasal and the other in the laryngeal area.Cases: Horse 1. A 12-year-old male Standardbred was sent to the veterinary hospital for the resection of the formation presented in the mucocutaneous junction of the left nostril. During the physical exam, a red mass of a moderately consistency, with an irregular, verrucous, pedunculated and ulcerated surface was observed, measuring approximately 2 centimeters in diameter. The surgical procedure for the resection of the mass was done through the use of the electrocautery technique, with the animal sedated with a romifidine dose of 0.08 mg/kg, a butorphanol dose of 0.04 mg/kg and a local anesthesia of 2% lidocaine. Eight months after the surgical procedure, the animal returned to the hospital and the presence of three new masses was noted in the same nostril, around the region where the extracted mass used to be found and they resembled the previous lesions. The horse’s owner didn’t authorize a new surgery or a new histopathological exam of the lesions. Horse 2. The other case refers to an asymptomatic 15-year-old male mixed breed. During a routine gastroscopic exam, the presence of several reddish coloration nodular and polypoid formations of irregular surface was observed in the larynx. Only one formation in the dorsal portion of the pharynx was observed. During the macroscopic exam, it was observed heterogeneously formation with a grayish-white color and soft consistency aspect. The surgical procedure for the resection of the mass, also through electrocautery, was performed with the animal, previously sedated with a detomidine dose of 0.01 mg/kg and a butorphanol dose of 0.02 mg/kg through intravenous. The contact plate of the electrocautery was fixed to the left side of the animal's neck. After the introduction of the endoscope through the nostril and advancing to the pharynx and larynx, lidocaine 2% without a vasoconstrictor was sprayed in the region. The polyps were individually wrapped by the polypectomy loop, passed through the endoscope operational channel and, at this time, the electrocautery was activated. After the treatment, periodical return appointments were made for the next two months. During the fourth appointment, the animal presented, in the endoscopy, a relapse of a few formations which were, again, removed with electrocautery. The histopathological exam in both cases was characterized by the presence of sporangia that was distributed homogeneously across the submucosal blade interspersed with mild to moderate mixed inflammatory infiltration composed predominantly of lymphoplasmic cells, followed by neutrophils and macrophages, as well as some hemorrhage area and the presence of macrophages with hemosiderin. These histopathological findings were consistent with rhinosporidiosis.Discussion: Rhinosporidiosis in horses, although rare, must be considered not only in cases of nasal formations, their most common form, but also in laryngeal cases, while the use of electrocautery is an efficient technique in the removal of the lesions, allowing for a good tissue healing and no postoperative complications. Nevertheless, follow-ups after treatment is always recommended to identify possible relapses.

Background: Scoring models are useful tools that guide the attending clinician in gauging the severity of disease evolution and in evaluating the efficacy of treatment. There are few tools available with this purpose for the non‐human patient, including horses. We aimed (i) to adapt the simplified acute physiology score 3 (SAPS‐3) model for the equine species, reaching a margin of accuracy greater than 75% in the calculation of the probability of survival/death and (ii) to build a decision tree that helps the attending veterinarian in assessment of the clinical evolution of the equine patient. Methods: From an initial pool of 5568 medical records from University‐based Veterinary Hospitals, a final cohort of 1000 was further mined manually for data extraction. A set of 19 variables were evaluated and tested by five machine learning data mining algorithms. Results: The final scoring model, named EqSAPS for equine simplified acute physiology score, reached 91.83% of correct estimates (post hoc) for probability of death within 24 hours upon hospitalization. The area under receiver operating characteristic curve for outcome ‘death’ was 0.742, while for ‘survival’ was 0.652. The final decision tree was able to refine prognosis of patients whose EqSAPS score suggested ‘death’. Conclusion: EqSAPS is a useful tool to gauge the severity of the clinical presentation of the equine patient.

Scoring models are useful tools that guide the attending clinician in gauging the severity of disease evolution, and in evaluating the efficacy of treatment. There are few tools available with this purpose for the non-human patient, including horses. We aimed (i) to adapt the Simplified Acute Physiology Score 3 (SAPS-3) model for the equine species, reaching a margin of accuracy greater than 75% in the calculation of the probability of death, and (ii) to build a decision tree that helps the attending veterinarian in assessment of the clinical evolution of the equine patient. From an initial pool of 5 568 medical records from University-based Veterinary Hospitals, a final cohort of 1 000 was further mined manually for data extraction. A set of 19 variables were evaluated and tested by five data mining algorithms. The final scoring model, named EqSAPS for Equine Simplified Acute Physiology Score, reached 91.83% of correct estimates for probability of death within 24 hours upon hospitalization. The Area Under Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUROC) for outcome “death” was 0.742, while for “survival” was 0.652. The final decision tree was able to refine prognosis of patients whose EqSAPS score suggested “death”. EqSAPS is an useful tool to gauge the severity of the clinical presentation of the equine patient.

Agradeço primeiramente a Deus, porque sem Ele eu nada posso fazer. Dele provem todas as coisas, desde a capacidade de respirar, até a capacidade de desenvolver e concluir um grande projeto. Porque Dele, por Ele e para Ele são todas as coisas. Aos meus pais Renato e Ângela, pelo amor, cuidado, compreensão e apoio em todos os momentos da minha vida. À professora Carla B. Belli, minha orientadora, que sempre com muita paciência e habilidade incrível de ensinar me conduziu ao longo destes anos de muito aprendizado. Ao Rodolfo de Freitas, da empresa Organicca, pois sua parceria possibilitou a realização deste projeto. Ao professor Marcilio Nichi, ao enriquecer este projeto por meio de análises estatísticas e sugestões pertinentes. À Clara S. Mori pelas análises laboratoriais e pela gentileza de sempre. Aos residentes do hospital veterinário, Ângela, Natália, Alessandra, Cauê, Paula, Manuela, Tatiana e Thaís, e à aluna de iniciação científica Beatriz P. Baldini, que foram ótimas companhias e me ajudaram em diversos momentos com as coletas de material. Ao médico veterinário Julio D. Spagnolo pela disponibilidade em dialogar e contribuir para que o projeto se concretizasse. Aos colegas pós-graduandos, em especial à Aline M. C. de Barros, por sua amizade e disponibilidade em me ajudar em diversas ocasiões, e ao Paulo M. Bogossian, por analisar alguns dados e me explicar com clareza o conteúdo destas análises. Aos funcionários do hospital veterinário, em especial ao Marcos e ao Rosendo, pelo companheirismo e amizade. Aos proprietários de cavalos pela atenção e compreensão, permitindo que seus animais fizessem parte deste projeto. Ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), por apoiar a realização deste estudo (processo n°163793/2018-2). "Muitos homens devem a grandeza da sua vida aos obstáculos que tiveram que vencer." Charles Haddon Spurgeon RESUMO ZIBORDI, M. Efeito do óleo de alho na prevenção da hiperlipidemia em equinos.

The project is based on a test of a thoracic vibration vest prototype, adapted to equines by the Expector® vest’s company, on healthy animals. Ten (10) equines were used in the project, male or female, adults, healthy, belonging to FMVZUSP or private owners. Each animal went through two phases: A and B. Phase A consisted of the placement of the vest without turning on the vibrators, evaluating the animal’s acceptability, facility, adaptation to the animal’s body, and discomfort due to the vest’s use. Phase B included the placement of the vest and turning on the vibrators, evaluating the animal’s acceptability, reaction to the vibrators, and, if present, to which velocity/type of vibration, and the presence of adverse effects. Both phases were done three times on separate days. The behavioral parameters: “placement facility” and “adaptation to the animal’s body” were observed. In phase B, the response to the vibration was classified from 0 to 5. The answer was evaluated on low and high intensities for the four vibration types. The heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (RR) were also evaluated at the beginning and end of each repetition. The animals’ HR was kept on normal, except for one animal on one day of the test. Concerning the RR, most animals presented moments of tachypnea. On the experiment’s first day, 100% of grade Great to “facility of placement” and “adaptation to the animal’s body” was obtained, but on days 2 and 3 this value dropped to 90% due to alterations in one animal’s responses. Regarding vibration’s responses, 77.3% were evaluated as no discomfort (grade 0), 17.1% little discomfort (grade 1), 3.3% medium discomfort (grade 2), 0.4% great discomfort (grade 3), 0.21% extreme discomfort (grade 4), and 1.6% non-acceptance of the vest (grade 5). Some possible changes on the prototype were also verified to be suggested to the manufacturer, such as the change of the buckle and the use of wireless control. Vest use appears promising for equine respiratory physiotherapy, considering the acceptability was good, and its efficiency on the expectoration of diseased animals must be tested.