The COVID-19 outbreak is impacting societies around the world in an unprecedented manner. However, not everyone, in every place, will be affected in the same way. Considering how the pandemic affects particular groups will help raise the effectiveness of containment efforts and minimize the potential negative impacts. This note focuses on one of such groups: Women and girls. Experiences from previous pandemics 1 show that they can be especially active actors for change, while they can also experience the effects of the crisis in different (and often more negative) ways. Given that the COVID-19 is not gender-blind, the response to it should not be either. Based on the existing evidence and emerging trends the note summarizes key gender differentiated transmission channels and impacts on outcomes across the three areas of endowments, economic conditions, and agency. It also provides recommendations for action (see Table 1). This is a living document, to be completed as more data and analysis are made available.
The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.
Summary:The main problem in the follow-up of patients receiving organ allografts is the early differential diagnosis of rejection episodes and infections. Serum levels of interferon gamma, a marker of T-lymphocyte activity, were determined with an immunoradiometric assay, specific for biologically active interferon gamma and sufficiently sensitive (20 Ü/l) for the determination of circulating interferon gamma. Neopterin, a pteridine released from stimulated macrophages, was determined by radioimmunoassay. Both rejection crises and infections are accompanied by distinct increases of serum neopterin (median values 124 and 128nmol/l; N == 98). Interferon gamma levels are elevated for a short period one or two days earlier, the maximal values during infections (median 430 U/l, ränge 120 -1220 U/l, N = 25) being higher than those during rejection episodes (median 120 U/l, ränge < 20 -330 U/l, N = 73). Each rise of interferon gamma was followed by an increase of neopterin, but not every neopterin increase was preceded by a interferon gamma peak. Neither of these parameters showed an increase during deterioratiön of kidney function due to cyclosporin toxicity. The determination of interferon gamma, a lymphokine involved in the activation of alloreactivity, reflecting T-cell Stimulation, and the measurement of neopterin, a secretory product of activated macrophages, allows the simple, quick and reliable monitoring of the immune Status of transplant recipients. Konzentrationen von Neopterin und y^Interferon im Serum bei Patienten mit Herz-und NierentransplantatenZusammenfassung: Wesentliche Probleme bei der Nachsorge allotransplantierter Patienten liegen in der rechtzeitigen Diagnose von Abstoßungsreaktionen und Infektionen. Die Konzentration von -Interferon, einem Indikator der Aktivität von T-Lymphocyten, würde in einem hochsensitiven, für biologisch aktivesInterferon spezifischen immunoradiometrischen Test, der ausreichend empfindlich zur Messung von zirkulierendem -Interferon ist, bestimmt. Neopterin, ein von aktivierten Makrophagen produziertes Pteridin, wurde mittels Radioiinmunoassays bestimmt. Sowohl akute Abstoßungsreaktionen als auch Infektionen waren von deutlichen Erhöhungen des Neopterin im Serum begleitet (Mediane 124 und 128 nmol/1; N = 98). rin-Erhöhung, aber nicht jedem Neopterin-Anstieg ging eine entsprechende -Interferon-Erhöhung voraus. Keine dieser Kenngrößen war bei Cyclosporin-A bedingter Verschlechterung der Nierenfunktion erhöht. Die Bestimmung von -Interferon, einem Lyinphokin, das bei der Alloreaktivitätsaktivierung beteiligt ist und damit ein Maß für den Grad der T-Zell-Stimulation darstellt, und Neopterin, welches die Aktivität der Makrophagen angibt, ermöglicht die einfache, rasche und verläßliche Beurteilung des Immünstatus von Transplantatempfängern.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.