Gender Dimensions of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Paz, Carmen de; Müller, Miriam; Boudet, Ana María Muñoz; Gaddis, Isis

doi:10.1596/33622

Cited by 106 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Similarly, Marie Stopes International reports that its activities have been reduced by up to 40% in Pakistan due to the pandemic (51). Furthermore, some studies noted how diversion of staff and funding from maternal, neonatal and child health programmes to the front-line of the COVID-19 response has also decreased the quality of services available to women (52)(53)(54) A larger number of men than women considered radio to be a reliable source of information. Pakistan has a considerable audience of radio programming.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychological and Social Impact of COVID-19 in Pakistan: Need for Gender Responsive Policies

Rabbani¹,

Khan²,

Piryani³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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BACKGROUNDCOVID-19 has rapidly crossed borders, infecting people throughout the world. Women may be especially vulnerable to depression and anxiety due to the pandemic, AIMSThis study attempted to assess how gender impacts risk perceptions, anxiety levels behavioral responses to the COVID 19 pandemic in Pakistan in order to recommend gender responsive health policies METHODSA cross-sectional online survey was conducted. Participants were asked to complete a sociodemographic data form, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and questions on their risk perceptions, preventive behavior and information exposure. Regression analysis was used to assess effects of factors such as age, gender and household income on anxiety levels.RESULTSOf the 1390 respondents, 478 were women, and 913 were men. Women considered their chances of survival to be relatively lower than men ( 59 % women vs 73% men). They were also more anxious (62% women vs 50% men), and more likely to adopt precautionary behavior, such as avoiding going to the hospital (78% women vs. 71% men), not going to work (72% women and 57% men), and using disinfectants (93% women and 86% men). Men were more likely to trust friends, family and social media as reliable sources of COVID-19 information, while women were more likely to trust doctors.CONCLUSIONWomen experience a disproportion burden of the psychological and social impact of the pandemic compared to men. Involving doctors in healthcare communication targeting women, might prove effective. Social media and radio programs may be effective in disseminating information related to COVID among men.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychological and Social Impact of COVID-19 in Pakistan: Need for Gender Responsive Policies

Rabbani¹,

Khan²,

Piryani³

et al. 2020

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This heterogeneity could be explained in particular by the fact that psychological distress is more prevalent among women since they are more prone to hormonal fluctuations, which could alter their sensitivity to emotional stimuli, and enhance neuronal reactivity [3] [26][81] [98]. Social factors are also pointed to explain differences in confinement experiences for women, such as higher exposure to domestic violence and caregiver stress [18] [43]. Some studies in Asia suggest that a higher prevalence of psychological distress was also present in adolescent girls during the pandemic, compared to normal times [11] [99].…”

Section: A Unique Confinement Context For Each Adolescentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Canadian Adolescents’ Internalized Symptoms in Pandemic Times: Sex Differences and Association with Sociodemographic Characteristics, Confinement Habits, and Support

Tardif‐Grenier

Archambault

Dupéré

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background Adolescents, especially girls, are more at risk of developing anxiety and depression symptoms and it can be assumed that the stress and social isolation experienced during confinement has had negative consequences on adolescents’ mental health. However, not all of them experienced confinement in the same way. This study is aimed at determining which sociodemographic characteristics (age, family composition, achievement), confinement habits (schedule, new hobby, sleep duration, cellphone and computer use, sports, schoolwork), and sources of support (parents and teachers) are associated with more or less internalized symptoms (anxiety and depression) in Canadian adolescents. Given the increased vulnerability of girls, the results take gender into account. Methods Between April 8 and 30 (2020) and through an online survey, 895 Canadian adolescents (74% girls) aged between 12 and 17 years (M = 14.73) were recruited. Path analysis was performed to identify significant associations between sociodemographic characteristics, confinement habits, and support variables with internalized symptoms. Independent samples t-tests and invariance tests were conducted to compare boys and girls. Data was analyzed with Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 27 and Mplus8. Results Certain confinement habits (time spent using cellphones, doing sports and schoolwork, finding a new hobby) and support (parents working outside the home) variables were significantly and negatively associated with anxiety and/or depressive symptoms. Regarding the sex differences, girls had higher levels of anxiety and depression symptoms, used their cellphones more, while boys used their computers more. Only the association between sleep duration and physical symptoms of anxiety significantly differed between boys and girls. However, it was not significant for both groups. Conclusions The results of this study help to better understand the experience of adolescents in confinement and how it is different for boys and girls. It sheds light on the characteristics and habits likely to characterize those who are more at risk of experiencing distress and thus make it possible to better support adolescents during this difficult period.

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“…To investigate the situation of women during the lockdown in this pandemic, a survey is designed based on literature (de Paz et al 2020;Ewerling et al 2017;UNHCR-IDC 2016; World Bank 2020; Zhang et al 2020) for married women. Our survey has gone through various checks, including a detailed discussion on the design of the survey and ethical standards by the experts.…”

Section: Questionnaire Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peer Review #3 of "The pandemic paradox: domestic violence and happiness of women (v0.1)"

2020

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Background. Across the globe, lockdowns have been enforced as a pandemic response to COVID-19. Such lockdown coupled with school closures and stay-at-home orders made women more vulnerable in terms of higher responsibility and spending more time with an abusive partner if any. Methods. This study investigates the situation of women during COVID-19 induced lockdown by focusing on their happiness and inquiring about the incidence of violence. Using the zero-inflated negative binomial model, our findings ascertained that family settings, type of relationship with a spouse, and age significantly affects the positive count of violence during the lockdown. We further estimated the determinants of happiness and found that years of schooling, the role of women in household decision making, and feeling empowered is affecting their happiness. Results. Women having higher education have more odds of zero violence. Unemployed women and women who are not working have higher odds of zero violence as compared to the working woman. During this lockdown after the COVID-19 pandemic, women living in urban areas, having higher education, having an adequate household income to meet the expenditures, having lesser anxiety, not facing violence, feeling empowered when their husband is around, and have higher decision-making power are happier. Discussion and conclusion. The study is important in the context of happiness and violence inflicted on women during the lockdown and provides the basis to improve the pandemic response policy. The inclusion of women's safety and happiness in pandemic response policy is important to ensure the wellbeing of women and to devise better health and economic policy. Our estimates suggest higher education results in less incidence of violence which could be argued as desirable outcomes for building healthy, productive, and happy communities. In addition to this, as pandemic induced lock-down is likely to result in higher unemployment across the globe including Pakistan, therefore, in light of our estimates pertaining to the role of unemployment in the incidence of violence, policymakers should deploy more resources to enhance income and to combat the rising unemployment. As a counter-intuitive outcome of these policy interventions incidence of violence will be dampened, educational attainment and women empowerment will be increased which will certainly increase happiness.

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Gender Dimensions of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Cited by 106 publications

References 5 publications

Psychological and Social Impact of COVID-19 in Pakistan: Need for Gender Responsive Policies

Psychological and Social Impact of COVID-19 in Pakistan: Need for Gender Responsive Policies

Canadian Adolescents’ Internalized Symptoms in Pandemic Times: Sex Differences and Association with Sociodemographic Characteristics, Confinement Habits, and Support

Peer Review #3 of "The pandemic paradox: domestic violence and happiness of women (v0.1)"

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