The utilization of an effective stubble management practice can reduce weed infestation before and in the following main crop. Different strategies can be used, incorporating mechanical, biological, and chemical measures. This study aims at estimating the effects of cover crop (CC) mixtures, various stubble tillage methods, and glyphosate treatments on black-grass, volunteer wheat and total weed infestation. Two experimental trials were conducted in Southwestern Germany including seven weed management treatments: flat soil tillage, deep soil tillage, ploughing, single glyphosate application, dual glyphosate application, and a CC mixture sown in a mulch-till and no-till system. An untreated control treatment without any processing was also included. Weed species were identified and counted once per month from October until December. The CC mixtures achieved a black-grass control efficacy of up to 100%, whereas stubble tillage and the single glyphosate treatment did not reduce the black-grass population, on the contrary it induced an increase of black-grass plants. The dual glyphosate application showed, similar to the CC treatments, best results for total weed and volunteer wheat reduction. The results demonstrated, that well developed CCs have a great ability for weed control and highlight that soil conservation systems do not have to rely on chemical weed control practices.
Cinmethylin is a potential new pre-emergence herbicide in Europe inhibiting the fatty acid thioesterases in the plastid against Alopecurus myosuroides and other grass-weeds in winter cereals and oil-seed rape. Five field experiments were conducted in Southwestern Germany from 2018 until 2020 to assess the control efficacy of cinmethylin and other common pre-emergence herbicides alone and combined with post-emergence herbicides against A. myosuroides and yield response of winter wheat and winter triticale. In four experiments, the effect of early and late sowing of winter cereals was included as the second factor in the experiment to investigate if late sowing can reduce A. myosuroides density weed control efficacy. All fields were heavily infested with A. myosuroides with average<br /> densities of 110–730 plants/m<sup>2</sup>. Late sowing reduced densities in three out of four experiments. Herbicides controlled 42–100% of the A. myosuroides plants. However, none of the treatments was consistently better than the other treatments over all experiments. In three out of 5 experiments, grain yields were significantly increased by the herbicide treatments. The results demonstrate that cinmethylin increases the options for controlling A. myosuroides in winter cereals. However, it needs to be combined with other control tactics.
Rapid and reliable tests for pre-emergence herbicide susceptibility in weeds are important to test a wider range of accessions on their baseline sensitivity, as well as to provide information on putative resistance. This study focused on the development of an agar quick test to determine sensitivity differences in Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. to pre-emergence herbicides containing flufenacet and cinmethylin. The new agar quick test and a standardized whole plant pot bioassay were conducted twice in 2019. For both test systems, seeds of 18 populations of A. myosuroides originated from Southwest Germany and Great Britain were used and treated with discriminating rates of herbicides in dose-response studies. After 28 days, the above-ground dry matter of the plants was determined and the resistance factors were calculated. The agar test was able to provide information on the resistance status of the tested biotype within 12 days. All populations did not show reduced sensitivity to cinmethylin. Within three populations, differences in sensitivity levels were observed between the two test systems. As cinmethylin is not yet marketed in Europe, these resistance factors can also be considered as a baseline sensitivity for A. myosuroides. For flufenacet, the resistance factors differed significantly from the whole plant pot bioassay and the agar test for the biotypes A (0.35, 13.1), C (0.56, 13.2), D (1.87, 12.4), E (15.5, 3.5) and H (2.95, 14). It was possible for the most part for the cinmethylin tested populations to confirm the results of the standardized whole plant pot bioassay in the agar bioassay sensitivity tests, and hence create a promising, faster test system.
Delayed sowing of winter cereals in Western Europe is a preventive method to reduce Alopecurus myosuroides infestations. Two series of on-farm studies including 36 experiments were conducted in South-Western Germany to analyse the combined effects of delayed sowing and pre-emergence herbicide application on A. myosuroides density, weed control efficacy and cereal grain yield. From 2006 until 2009, pendimethalin + flufenacet was applied one week after sowing winter barley and winter wheat. From 2018 until 2020, cinmethylin was used in winter wheat and winter triticale. Densities of A. myosuroides in the untreated early sown control plots amounted up to 1 233 plants/m2. Delayed sowing on average reduced densities by 43%. The mixture of pendimethalin + flufenacet in combination with delayed sowing controlled 87% of the A. myosuroides plants and increased cereal grain yields from 6.4 t/ha in the early sown untreated control to 7.9 t/ha. Cinmethylin in combination with delayed sowing resulted in 91% weed control efficacy and increased grain yields from 5.3 t/ha to 8.8 t/ha. Average grain yields of all delayed sowing treatments were 0.7 t/ha higher than in the early sown treatments. Therefore, delayed sowing combined with pre-emergence herbicide application is a cost-effective strategy of integrated weed management (IWM) in winter cereals reducing dependency on post-emergence herbicide use and mitigating the risk of herbicide resistance development.
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