PNDM frequency in Slovakia is much higher (one in 215,417 live births) than previously suggested from international estimates (about one in 800,000). We identified one ABCC8 and four KCNJ11 mutation carriers, of whom four were successfully transferred to SU, dramatically improving their diabetes control and quality of life.

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Aim: Motivated by the paradoxical and differing results of the early atherosclerosis related indices – Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index (CAVI) reflecting arterial stiffness and Reactive Hyperemia Index (RHI) evaluating endothelium dependent flow-induced vasodilation – in obesity, we aimed to assess CAVI and RHI in obese adolescents and young adults in the context of differences in systemic vascular resistance (SVR).Methods: We examined 29 obese (14f, 15.4 [12.3–18.5] y; BMI: 33.2 ± 4.4 kg.m−2) and 29 non-obese gender and age matched adolescents and young adults (BMI: 21.02 ± 2.3 kg.m−2). CAVI and RHI were measured using VaSera VS-1500 (Fukuda Denshi, Japan) and Endo-PAT 2000 (Itamar Medical, Israel), respectively. Hemodynamic measures were recorded using volume-clamp plethysmography (Finometer Pro, FMS, Netherlands) and impedance cardiography (CardioScreen 2000, Medis GmbH, Germany). SVR and sympathetic activity related indices – Velocity Index (VI) and Heather Index (HI), and LFSAP (spectral power in low frequency band of systolic blood pressure oscillations) were determined.Results: In obese group, CAVI (4.59 ± 0.88 vs. 5.18 ± 0.63, p = 0.002) and its refined version CAVI0 (6.46 ± 1.39 vs. 7.33 ± 0.99, p = 0.002) were significantly lower. No significant difference in RHI was found. SVR and sympathetic activity indices were all significantly lower in the obese group than in the non-obese group. RHI correlated positively with SVR (r = 0.390, p = 0.044) in obese subjects.Conclusion: Our results indicate that both indices used for the detection of early atherosclerotic changes are influenced by vascular tone. Vascular resistance could influence CAVI and RHI results impairing their interpretation.

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Background: Considering a dramatic increase in the incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) worldwide, current research focuses on complex etiology of T1D where immune system, environmental and genetic factors play a significant role. Glutathione S-transferase family of enzymes protects tissue from oxidative damage which is discussed in the context of T1D. The aim of the study was to investigate an association of glutathione S-transferase mu 1 (GST M1) and glutathione S-transferase theta 1 (GST T1) polymorphisms with type 1 diabetes. Methods: 163 children, 116 with type 1diabetes and 47 healthy controls, at the age 6-19 years were enrolled to the study. Basic anthropometric, biochemical parameters and GST T1 diabetes and M1 polymorphisms were established in each subject. Results: Subjects with T1D had significantly lower concentration of uric acid compared to the healthy subjects (212.85±57.10 µmol/l vs. 269.57±72.53; p<0.001). GST T1 null genotype was more frequent in patients with diabetes compared to the healthy controls (36.2% vs. 21.3%) and represented 2.1-fold increased risk of T1D of borderline statistical significance (OR=2.1; 95% CI=0.949-4.648; p=0.06). GST T1 null/M1 wild genotype combination was more frequent in patients with diabetes (25.9% vs. 10.6%) and represented 2.9-fold increased risk for T1D development (OR=2.93; 95% CI=1.061-8.095; p=0.032). Conclusion: The study indicates that GST T1 null genotype and GST T1 null/M1 wild combination could be considered a risk factor for type 1 diabetes development in Slovak children and adolescents.

The aim of the study was to establish the frequency of hypovitaminosis D in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D), its influence on biochemical and densitometric parameters and the relation to diabetic nephropathy. 58 children with T1D at the age 9-19 years were enrolled to the study. Vitamin D concentration less than 30 ng/ml was considered as insufficient. 37 children (63.79%) had vitamin D level under 30 ng/ml, from these 19 subjects (32.7%) had vitamin D level under 20 ng/ml and 2 subjects (3.44%) under 10 ng/ml. Children with vitamin D deficiency had significantly lower magnesium concentration and lower Z score of lumbar spine (-1.34 +/- 1.24 vs. -.030 +/- 1.21, p = 0.01) compared to diabetics with sufficient vitamin D concentration. No significant difference was found in parameters calcium, phosphorus or glycosylated hemoglobin. Patients with diabetic nephropathy (n = 18) showed no significant difference in vitamin D, glycosylated hemoglobin or Z score of lumbar spine compared to the patients without nephropathy (n = 40). Subjects with nephropathy had significantly longer diabetes duration, significantly higher cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentration. In our cohort of patients nearly two thirds of children had insufficient vitamin D concentration what supports the need to monitor and eventually supplement vitamin D in T1D subjects.

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