BackgroundObesity has been identified as an important risk factor in the development of cardiovascular diseases; however, other factors, combined or not with obesity, can influence cardiovascular risk and should be considered in cardiovascular risk stratification in pediatrics. ObjectiveTo analyze the association between anthropometry measures and cardiovascular risk factors, to investigate the determinants to changes in blood pressure (BP), and to propose a prediction equation to waist circumference (WC) in children and adolescents. MethodsWe evaluated 1,950 children and adolescents, aged 7 to 18 years. Visceral fat was assessed by WC and waist hip relationship, BP and body mass index (BMI). In a randomly selected subsample of these volunteers (n = 578), total cholesterol, glucose and triglycerides levels were evaluated. ResultsWC was positively correlated with BMI (r = 0.85; p < 0.001) and BP (SBP r = 0.45 and DBP = 0.37; p < 0.001). Glycaemia and triglycerides showed a weak correlation with WC (r = 0.110; p = 0.008 e r = 0.201; p < 0.001, respectively). Total cholesterol did not correlate with any of the variables. Age, BMI and WC were significant predictors on the regression models for BP (p < 0.001). We propose a WC prediction equation for children and adolescents: boys: y = 17.243 + 0.316 (height in cm); girls: y = 25.197 + 0.256 (height in cm). ConclusionWC is associated with cardiovascular risk factors and presents itself as a risk factor predictor of hypertension in children and adolescents. The WC prediction equation proposed by us should be tested in future studies.

Background: During childhood and adolescence, physical inactivity, excess weight, and poor nutrition are risk factors for chronic diseases, especially obesity, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Early intervention can prevent the development of these complications.

BackgroundBoth poor aerobic fitness and obesity, separately, are associated with abnormal lipid profiles.ObjectiveTo identify possible relationships of dyslipidemia with cardiorespiratory fitness and obesity, evaluated together, in children and adolescents.MethodsThis cross-sectional study included 1,243 children and adolescents (563 males and 680 females) between 7 and 17 years of age from 19 schools. Obesity was assessed using body mass index (BMI) measurements, and cardiorespiratory fitness was determined via a 9-minute run/walk test. To analyze the lipid profile of each subject, the following markers were used: total cholesterol, cholesterol fractions (high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein) and triglycerides. Data were analyzed using SPSS v. 20.0, via prevalence ratio (PR), using the Poisson regression.ResultsDyslipidemia is more prevalent among unfit/overweight-obese children and adolescents compared with fit/underweight-normal weight boys (PR: 1.25; p = 0.007) and girls (PR: 1.30, p = 0.001).ConclusionsThe prevalence of dyslipidemia is directly related to both obesity and lower levels of cardiorespiratory fitness.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Studies have demonstrated that metabolic complications from child obesity, although silent, increase the risk of development of cardiovascular diseases in adulthood. The present paper sought to describe the prevalence of overweight/obesity and analyze the possible relationship between obesity and other cardiovascular risk factors among children and adolescents. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study, conducted in a university. METHODS:The study included 564 children and adolescents, aged 8 to 17 years. Body mass index and waist circumference were used to evaluate obesity. Other cardiovascular risk factors were evaluated, like systolic and diastolic blood pressure, glycemia, triglycerides and total cholesterol. Descriptive analysis was used for sample characterization, the chi-square test for categorical variables and Pearson's linear correlation for evaluating the relationship between obesity indicators and other cardiovascular risk factors. RESULTS: High prevalence of overweight/obesity was found among the schoolchildren (25.3% among the boys and 25.6% among the girls), along with abdominal obesity (19.0%). The overweight/obese schoolchildren presented higher percentages for the pressure and biochemical indicators, compared with underweight and normal-weight schoolchildren. Body mass index and waist circumference showed a weak correlation with the variables of age and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (P < 0.001), but there was no correlation between these obesity indices and biochemical variables. CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of overweight/obesity and its relationship with other cardiovascular risk factors demonstrate that it is necessary to develop intervention and prevention strategies from childhood onwards, in order to avoid development of chronic-degenerative diseases in adulthood.RESUMO CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Estudos demonstram que as complicações metabólicas da obesidade infantil, mesmo silenciosas, aumentam o risco de desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares na fase adulta. O presente estudo buscou descrever a prevalência de sobrepeso/obesidade, analisando possível relação entre obesidade e demais fatores de risco cardiovascular em crianças e adolescentes. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo transversal, realizado em universidade. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídas 564 crianças e adolescentes de 8 a 17 anos. Foi utilizado o índice de massa corporal e a circunferência da cintura para avaliar obesidade. Outros fatores de risco cardiovasculares foram avaliados, como pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica, glicemia, triglicerídeos e colesterol total. Foi utilizada a análise descritiva para caracterização da amostra, teste de qui-quadrado para variáveis categóricas e correlação linear de Pearson para avaliar a relação entre os indicadores de obesidade e demais fatores de risco cardiovasculares. RESULTADOS: Foi encontrada alta prevalência de sobrepeso/obesidade entre os escolares (25,3% entre os meninos e 25,6% entre as meninas), assim como obesidade abdominal (19,0%). Escolares c...

There is an association between the AA genotype of rs9939609 polymorphism and BMI among schoolchildren. The association between overweight/obesity in schoolchildren with a family history of obesity was found mainly among students with the AA genotype.

Exceto onde especificado diferentemente, a matéria publicada neste periódico é licenciada sob forma de uma licença Creative Commons -Atribuição 4. Justificativa e Objetivos:O crescente aumento da obesidade em nível mundial aloca este problema como uma epidemia global, enfatizando a mesma como um problema de saúde pública. A obesidade também se coloca como uma doença infantil, exigindo dos profissionais da saúde, ações preventivas que atinjam todo o contexto em que crianças e adultos estejam inseridos. A partir desta temática, objetivou-se discutir a problemática da obesidade infantil e a sua relação com três agentes que influenciam o estilo de vida de escolares com sobrepeso e obesidade: mídia audiovisual, relações familiares e instituições acadêmicas. Conteúdo: Artigo de revisão de literatura onde foram consultados em sites de busca (Scielo e PubMed) artigos que tivessem no seu contexto no mínimo dois dos seguintes descritores: instituições acadêmicas, relações familiares, mídia audiovisual e obesidade infantil. Considerou-se como recorte temporal o período de 2009 a 2013. Conclusão: verificou-se a necessidade de políticas públicas que normatizem propagandas destinadas ao público infantil, adequando-as ao perfil educativo-preventivo. Além disso, constatou-se que a escola exerce papel fundamental na prática de hábitos alimentares saudáveis. Percebe-se, assim, a necessidade de adaptação a essa realidade, tendo a família o papel de mediar e controlar tais ações. Background and Objectives:The increasing worldwide incidence of obesity shows it is a global epidemic, emphasizing its status of public health problem. Obesity also represents a childhood disease, requiring health professionals to carry out preventive actions that include the entire context in which children and adults are considered. Based on this subject, we aimed to discuss the problem of childhood obesity and its association with three agents that influence the lifestyle of children with overweight and obesity: audiovisual media, family relations and academic institutions. Content: This was a literature review article, carried out at the search engines (SciELO and PubMed), seeking for articles that had in their context at least two of the following descriptors: academic institutions, family relations, audiovisual media and childhood obesity. The period considered was from 2009 to 2013. Conclusion: we verified the need for public policies that regulate advertising aimed at children, adapting them to the preventive/educational profile. Additionally, it was observed that the school plays a key role in the practice of healthy eating habits. It is clear, therefore, the need to adapt to this reality, with the family exercising the role of mediating and controlling such actions. RESUMO ABSTRACT ARTIGO DE REVISÃO

Overweight and obesity are associated with chronic and subclinical inflammation due to an imbalance of inflammatory mediators. However, the association with gene polymorphism has been rarely studied in children. The aim of this study was to determine if serum concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) are related to the IL6 rs1800795, IL6 rs2069845 and CRP rs1205 polymorphisms (SNPs) according to body mass index (BMI) in a sample of children and adolescents. A cross-sectional study in 470 students between 7 and 17yearsof age of anthropometric characteristics, high sensitivity-CRP (Hs-CRP) and IL-6 levels and three SNPs genotyped. The prevalence ratio of hs-CRP>3mg/L in obese individuals was 4.15 (CI 2.43-7.06; p=0.01), and it was 1.91 (CI 1.03-3.55; p=0.03) in overweight individuals and 1.74 (CI 1.05-2.88 p=0.03) in females. Individuals with waist circumference (WC) and body fat percentage (BF%) alterations showed elevated levels of hs-CRP (p=4.3×10 and p=5.3×10). The combination of any two anthropometric measurement increases CRP levels, especially combinations with obesity body mass index (BMI): BMI+WC and BMI+BF%. Among the overweight/obesity group, T allele carriers of CRP rs1205 showed lower levels of hs-CRP (0.5, IQR=0.3-1.8mg/L) than CC homozygotes (1.5, IQR=0.4-3.4mg/L, p=0.018). Additionally, considering subjects with two or three anthropometric alterations for CRP rs1205: rs1205 T allele carriers had lower levels of hs-CRP (0.7, IQR=0.3-2.7mg/L) than CC homozygotes (1.2, IQR=0.5-3.5mg/L, p=0.02). In conclusion, carriers of the rs1205/T allele with higher BMIs had lower levels of hs-CRP. Schoolchildren who were overweight/obese had higher levels of CRP and IL-6, whereas individuals with WC and BF% alterations had higher levels of CRP.

The scope of this study was to verify the association between different overweight and obesity parameters and the metabolic risk profile among school-age students. The randomized cross-sectional study included 1254 children and adolescents, aged 7 to 17, from a city in southern Brazil. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and percentage of fat (PF), measured at the triceps and based on subscapular skinfold thickness, were used as the parameters to evaluate overweight/obesity status. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), low-density protein cholesterol (LDL) and triglycerides were also measured. The metabolic risk profile was calculated based on the sum of the z score of the metabolic variables adjusted by age. A three-model Poisson analysis was used to verify the association between BMI, WC and PF with metabolic risk profile. BMI showed the highest probability for developing metabolic risk compared with WC (overweight - PR: 1.63 and obesity – PR: 3.87) and PF (overweight – PR: 1.62 and obesity – PR: 2.92). In conclusion, BMI seems to be a better parameter of overweight/obesity than WC and PF in the assessment of metabolic risk among youths.