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Abstract.By using an inductive procedure we prove that the Galerkin finite element approximations of electromagnetic eigenproblems modelling cavity resonators by elements of any fixed order of either Nedelec's edge element family on tetrahedral meshes are convergent and free of spurious solutions. This result is not new but is proved under weaker hypotheses, which are fulfilled in most of engineering applications. The method of the proof is new, instead, and shows how families of spurious-free elements can be systematically constructed. The tools here developed are used to define a new family of spuriousfree edge elements which, in some sense, are complementary to those defined in 1986 by Nedelec.Mathematics Subject Classification. 65N25, 65N30, 65N12.

In this correspondence, the achievable rates of the so called "multiple-input multiple-output interference channel," exploited by a couple of single antenna primary terminals and two antenna cognitive radios under specific interference constraints, are analyzed. In particular, by assuming perfect channel state information at the cognitive terminals, a closed form expression for a linear precoding and linear reception scheme, which guarantees to meet the achievable rates and no mutual interference between primary and cognitive terminals, is obtained. Numerical results regarding the effects of different fading channels and of an imperfect knowledge of the channel are provided to evaluate the performances of the proposed scheme in real environments.

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Photobiomodulation (PBM) is a non‐plant‐cell manipulation through a transfer of energy by means of light sources at the non‐ablative or thermal intensity. Authors showed that cytochrome‐c‐oxidase (complex IV) is the specific chromophore's target of PBM at the red (600‐700 nm) and NIR (760‐900 nm) wavelength regions. Recently, it was suggested that the infrared region of the spectrum could influence other chromospheres, despite the interaction by wavelengths higher than 900 nm with mitochondrial chromophores was not clearly demonstrated. We characterized the interaction between mitochondria respiratory chain, malate dehydrogenase, a key enzyme of Krebs cycle, and 3‐hydroxyacyl‐CoA dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in the β‐oxidation (two mitochondrial matrix enzymes) with the 1064 nm Nd:YAG (100mps and 10 Hz frequency mode) irradiated at the average power density of 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, 1.25 and 1.50 W/cm2 to generate the respective fluences of 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 J/cm2. Our results show the effect of laser light on the transmembrane mitochondrial complexes I, III, IV and V (adenosine triphosphate synthase) (window effects), but not on the extrinsic mitochondrial membrane complex II and mitochondria matrix enzymes. The effect is not due to macroscopical thermal change. An interaction of this wavelength with the Fe‐S proteins and Cu‐centers of respiratory complexes and with the water molecules could be supposed.

Existence and uniqueness of the solution of time-harmonic electromagnetic boundary value problems is analyzed together with the convergence of Galerkin finite element approximations. Sufficient conditions based on the presence of different types of losses and on the properties of the hermitian symmetric parts of the effective dielectric permittivity and the effective magnetic permeability are provided. Metamaterials such as double-negative, epsilon-negative and mu-negative substances are covered by our analysis since any hypothesis on the positive definiteness of the aforementioned hermitian symmetric parts is avoided on purpose.

A boundary value problem for the time harmonic Maxwell system is investigated through a variational formulation which is shown to be equivalent to it and well-posed if and only if the original problem is. Different bianisotropic materials and metamaterials filling subregions of the problem domain with Lipschitz continuous boundaries are allowed. Well-posedness and finite element approximability of the variational problem are proved by Lax–Milgram and Strang lemmas for a class of material configurations involving bianisotropic materials and metamaterials. Belonging to this class is not necessary, yet, for well-posedness and finite element approximability. Nevertheless, the material configurations of many radiation or scattering problems and many models of microwave components involving bianisotropic materials or metamaterials belong to the above class. Moreover, none of the other available tools commonly used to prove well-posedness seems to be able to cope with the material configurations left out by our treatment.