Hypothermia can occur during fasting when thermoregulatory mechanisms, involving fatty acid (FA) utilization, are disturbed. CD36/FA translocase is a membrane protein which facilitates membrane transport of long-chain FA in the FA consuming heart, skeletal muscle (SkM) and adipose tissues. It also accelerates uptake of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein by brown adipose tissue (BAT) in a cold environment. In mice deficient for CD36 (CD36−/− mice), FA uptake is markedly reduced with a compensatory increase in glucose uptake in the heart and SkM, resulting in lower levels of blood glucose especially during fasting. However, the role of CD36 in thermogenic activity during fasting remains to be determined. In fasted CD36−/− mice, body temperature drastically decreased shortly after cold exposure. The hypothermia was accompanied by a marked reduction in blood glucose and in stores of triacylglycerols in BAT and of glycogen in glycolytic SkM. Biodistribution analysis using the FA analogue 125I-BMIPP and the glucose analogue 18F-FDG revealed that uptake of FA and glucose was severely impaired in BAT and glycolytic SkM in cold-exposed CD36−/− mice. Further, induction of the genes of thermogenesis in BAT was blunted in fasted CD36−/− mice after cold exposure. These findings strongly suggest that CD36−/−mice exhibit pronounced hypothermia after fasting due to depletion of energy storage in BAT and glycolytic SkM and to reduced supply of energy substrates to these tissues. Our study underscores the importance of CD36 for nutrient homeostasis to survive potentially life-threatening challenges, such as cold and starvation.

Hypothermia is rapidly induced during cold exposure when thermoregulatory mechanisms, including fatty acid (FA) utilization, are disturbed. FA binding protein 4 (FABP4) and FABP5, which are abundantly expressed in adipose tissues and macrophages, have been identified as key molecules in the pathogenesis of overnutrition-related diseases, such as insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. We have recently shown that FABP4/5 are prominently expressed in capillary endothelial cells in the heart and skeletal muscle and play a crucial role in FA utilization in these tissues. However, the role of FABP4/5 in thermogenesis remains to be determined. In this study, we showed that thermogenesis is severely impaired in mice lacking both FABP4 and FABP5 (DKO mice), as manifested shortly after cold exposure during fasting. In DKO mice, the storage of both triacylglycerol in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and glycogen in skeletal muscle (SkM) was nearly depleted after fasting, and a biodistribution analysis using 125I-BMIPP revealed that non-esterified FAs (NEFAs) are not efficiently taken up by BAT despite the robustly elevated levels of serum NEFAs. In addition to the severe hypoglycemia observed in DKO mice during fasting, cold exposure did not induce the uptake of glucose analogue 18F-FDG by BAT. These findings strongly suggest that DKO mice exhibit pronounced hypothermia after fasting due to the depletion of energy storage in BAT and SkM and the reduced supply of energy substrates to these tissues. In conclusion, FABP4/5 play an indispensable role in thermogenesis in BAT and SkM. Our study underscores the importance of FABP4/5 for overcoming life-threatening environments, such as cold and starvation.

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Cardiac damage and vascular dysfunction due to underlying diseases, such as hypertension and cardiac thrombosis, or side effects from certain drugs may lead to critical illness conditions and even death. The phytochemical compounds in natural products are being prospected to protect the heart and vascular system from further damage. Moringa genus is a subtropical tree native to Asia and Africa, which includes 13 species; Moringa oleifera Lam. (MO) is the most cultivated for its beneficial uses. MO is also known as the “miracle tree” because it has been used traditionally as a food source and medicine to treat various diseases such as anemia, diabetes, and infectious or cardiovascular diseases. The phytochemical compounds identified in MO with functional activities associated with cardiovascular diseases are N,α-L-rhamnopyranosyl vincosamide, isoquercetin, quercetin, quercetrin, and isothiocyanate. This study aims to investigate the potency of the phytochemical compounds in MO as a protective agent to cardiac damage and vascular dysfunction in the cardiovascular disease model. This is a scoping review by studying publications from the reputed database that assessed the functional activities of MO, which contribute to the improvement of cardiac and vascular dysfunctions. Studies show that the phytochemical compounds, for example, N,α-L-rhamnopyranosyl vincosamide and quercetin, have the molecular function of antioxidant, anti-inflammation, and anti-apoptosis. These lead to improving cardiac contractility and protecting cardiac structural integrity from damage. These compounds also act as natural vasorelaxants and endothelium protective agents. Most of the studies were conducted on in vivo studies; therefore, further studies should be applied in a clinical setting.

During fasting, most tissues including skeletal muscle heavily rely on utilization of fatty acids (FA) and minimize glucose use. In contrast, skeletal muscle prefers carbohydrate use as exercise intensity increases. In mice deficient for CD36 (CD36−/− mice), FA uptake is markedly reduced with a compensatory increase in glucose uptake in skeletal muscle even during fasting. In this study, we questioned how exercise endurance is affected during prolonged fasting in CD36−/− mice where glucose utilization is constantly increased. With or without a 24‐h fast, a single bout of treadmill exercise was started at the speed of 10 m/min, and the speed was progressively increased up to 30 m/min until mice were exhausted. Running distance of wild type (WT) and CD36−/− mice was comparable in the fed state whereas that of CD36−/− mice was significantly reduced after a 24‐h fast. Glycogen levels in liver and skeletal muscle were depleted both in WT and CD36−/− mice after a 24‐h fast. In CD36−/− mice, FA uptake by skeletal muscle continued to be reduced during fasting. Glucose utilization also continued to be enhanced in the heart and oxidative skeletal muscle and glucose supply relative to its demand was diminished, resulting in accelerated hypoglycemia. Consequently, available energy substrates from serum and in muscle for exercise performance were very limited in CD36−/− mice during prolonged fasting, which could cause a remarkable reduction in exercise endurance. In conclusion, our study underscores the importance of CD36 for nutrient homeostasis to maintain exercise performance of skeletal muscle when nutrient supply is limited.

An increase in the incidence of diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM-2) has been observed from 1.1% in 2007 to 1.5% in 2018 with incidents occur in both urban areas and rural areas of Indonesia. Garut as one of the rural areas in Indonesia is the fourth district with the highest DM-2 incidence in West Java Province, Idnonesia. Physical activity is considered to affect the glycemic control and weight loss in DM-2 patients. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the relation between the physical activity level and blood glucose level in DM-2 patients in Garut, Indonesia. This was a cross-sectional observational analytic study on 46 DM-2 patients who were the members of the Garut Branch of the Indonesian Diabetes Association (PERSADIA), in May 2018. The physical activity level was measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) while the blood glucose level was measured using fasting blood glucose level test. Data were then analyzed using analysis of variance test. Results showed that most participants had a low level of physical activity (52.2%) while the lowest fasting blood glucose was obtained from patients with high physical activity (98.63±11.6), compared to those with moderate and low physical activity levels (123.43±20.16 and 164.21±19.04 mg/dL, respectively) with p=0.000 (p<0.05). Lifestyle changes, especially in the form of the lack physical activity, were seen alsonin the rural area in Indonesia. High physical activity level is the most effective measure to lower fasting blood glucose level in DM-2 patients. AbstrakKejadian pasien diabetes mellitus tipe 2 (DM-2) pada tahun 2018 (1,5%) mengalami peningkatan dibanding dengan tahun 2007 (1,1%), terjadi baik di daerah perkotaan dan pedesaan di Indonesia. Garut sebagai salah satu daerah pedesaan di Indonesia adalah salah satu kabupaten dengan insidens DM-2 terbesar keempat di Jawa Barat-Indonesia. Aktivitas fisik dianggap memengaruhi kontrol glikemik dan penurunan berat badan pada pasien DM-2. Oleh karena itu, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui hubungan tingkat aktivitas fisik dengan kadar glukosa darah pada pasien DM-2 di Garut-Indonesia. Subjek penelitian ini adalah 46 pasien DM-2 yang tergabung dalam Persatuan Diabetes Indonesia (PERSADIA), cabang Kabupaten Garut, pada Mei 2018. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah analitik observasional dengan metode cross-sectional. International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) sebagai alat untuk mengukur tingkat aktivitas fisik, selain itu dilakukan pengukuran kadar glukosa darah puasa. Data dianalisis menggunakan analysis of variance test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar peserta memiliki tingkat aktivitas fisik yang rendah (52,2%) dan glukosa darah puasa terendah diperoleh dari pasien dengan aktivitas fisik yang tinggi (98,63±11,6) dibanding dengan aktivitas fisik sedang dan rendah (123,43±20,16 dan 164,21±19,04 mg/dL), dengan p=0.000 (p<0,05). Perubahan gaya hidup terutama kurangnya aktivitas fisik juga terjadi di daerah pedesaan di Indonesia dan akti...

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Pneumonia adalah penyakit inflamasi pada paru yang merupakan salah satu penyebab kematian anak di dunia. Salah satu faktor risiko pasti pneumonia adalah status imunisasi dasar yang belum lengkap. Imunisasi yang mencegah pneumonia seperti imunisasi Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV), Haemophilus influenze tipe B (Hib), Difteri-Pertusis-Tetanus (DPT), dan campak. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui hubungan status imunisasi dasar <1 tahun dengan pneumonia pada pasien balita rawat inap di RSIA Respati Tasikmalaya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode observasional analitik dengan pendekatan kasus kontrol periode Oktober – November 2020. Sampel diambil dengan teknik non-random dengan jenis kuota sampling. Data status imunisasi diperoleh dari rekam medis pasien dan Kartu Menuju Sehat sebagai kontrol. Analisis data menggunakan uji chi-square­. Hasil penelitian didapatkan seluruh balita tidak pernah mendapatkan imunisasi PCV, 22 dari 30 balita mendapatkan imunisasi Hib lengkap, 25 dari 30 balita mendapatkan imunisasi DPT lengkap, dan 27 dan 30 balita pernah mendapatkan imunisasi campak. Hasil analisis menunjuk hubungan status imunisasi Hib, DPT, dan campak (nilai p=0,000). Balita yang mendapatkan imunisasi Hib, DPT, dan campak lengkap memiliki peluang lebih baik terhindar dari pneumonia dibanding dengan balita yang belum pernah mendapatkan imunisasi. Diharapkan masyarakat mendapat imunisasi Hib, DPT, dan campak lengkap untuk mencegah pneumonia. Relationship of Basic Immunization Status to Pneumonia in Under-five years Children at RSIA Respati TasikmalayaPneumonia is an inflammatory disease of the lungs, which is one of the primary causes of death in children worldwide. One of the definite risk factors of pneumonia is incomplete immunization status. Immunizations that prevent pneumonia are Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV), type B Haemophilus influenze (Hib), Diphteria-Pertussis-Tetanus (DPT), and measles immunization. This study aimed to determine the relationship between basic immunization status <1-year-old with pneumonia in under-five hospitalized patients at RSIA Respati Tasikmalaya in 2020. This was a case-control study. That conducted in October - November 2020 on 30 hospitalized under-five children at Mother and Child Hospital Respati Tasikmalaya and 30 healthy under-five children as a control group. Samples were taken using a quota sampling technique. Retrieval of immunization status using patient medical records and Maternal and Neonatal Health Book. Data analysis using the chi-square test. The results showed that all children under five had never received PCV immunization, 22 from 30 children received complete Hib immunization, 25 from 30 children received complete DPT immunization, and 27 from 30 children received measles immunization. Chi-square analysis showed that there is a correlation between Hib, DPT, and measles immunization status with pneumonia in under-five children (p-value = 0.000). Under-five children who had received complete Hib, DPT, and measles immunization have a better chance to avoid pneumonia compared to those who had never received immunization. It is hoped that people received complete Hib, DPT, and measles immunization to prevent pneumonia.