Abbreviations & Acronyms AMPA = a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid BOO = bladder outlet obstruction BPH = benign prostatic hyperplasia DO = detrusor overactivity HIF-1 = hypoxia-inducible factor-1 IL = interleukin LUTS = lower urinary tract symptoms NGF = nerve growth factor NO = nitric oxide NVC = non-voiding contraction OAB = overactive bladder pBOO = partial bladder outlet obstruction TGF-b = transforming growth factor-b Abstract: The functions of the lower urinary tract have been investigated for more than a century. Lower urinary tract symptoms, such as incomplete bladder emptying, weak urine stream, daytime urinary frequency, urgency, urge incontinence and nocturia after partial bladder outlet obstruction, is a frequent cause of benign prostatic hyperplasia in aging men. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. The use of animal models is absolutely imperative for understanding the pathophysiological processes involved in bladder dysfunction. Surgical induction has been used to study lower urinary tract functions of numerous animal species, such as pig, dog, rabbit, guinea pig, rat and mouse, of both sexes. Several morphological and functional modifications under partial bladder outlet obstruction have not only been observed in the bladder, but also in the central nervous system. Understanding the changes of the lower urinary tract functions induced by partial bladder outlet obstruction would also contribute to appropriate drug development for treating these pathophysiological conditions. In the present review, we discuss techniques for creating partial bladder outlet obstruction, the characteristics of several species, as well as issues of each model, and their translational value.

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Apart from increased stress urinary incontinence, there was an improvement in overall urinary function in terms of patient-reported symptoms and urodynamics, despite deep vesicovaginal space dissection. Hence, LSC is a viable surgical option for pelvic organ prolapse, restoring both level 1 and level 2 support without detrimental effects on urinary function.

the circadian clock programs daily rhythms and coordinates multiple behavioural processes, including micturition. partial bladder outlet obstruction (pBoo) in mice produces hyperactive voiding. However, long-term effects of pBOO on bladder function have not been clarified. In this study, we investigated micturition under conditions of impaired circadian bladder function by inducing long-term pBoo by tying the proximal urethra. Micturition behavior was evaluated at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after surgery. We used automated voided stain on paper method for a precise micturition recording for mice. And quantitative assessment of gene expression was performed at 24 months after pBOO surgery using qRT-PCR procedure. The micturition frequencies in the pBOO group were significantly decreased at 3, 6, and 12 months compared to those at 1 month after operation in the same group (p < 0.05). Body weight of pBOO mice was significantly increased compared to sham operated mice at 12 months. The expression level of mRNA was exhibited a 3.4-fold nominal increased for a 5-HT2B receptor in the pBoo group compared to the sham group. the current study found that long-term pBoo led to disruption of the circadian bladder function (the day/night cycle) in mice, similar to those observed in human as nocturia. this disruption is possible involvement of the gain of body weight and/or serotonergic alteration after pBoo. Abbreviations BOO Bladder outlet obstruction pBOO Partial bladder outlet obstruction LUTS Lower urinary tract symptoms aVSOP Automated voided stain on paper Mets Metabolic syndrome CRF Corticotropin-releasing factor HPA Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal α1ARs α1-Adrenergic receptors In men as a result of benign prostatic enlargement bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) is one of the most common causes of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Partial BOO (pBOO) significantly alters bladder morphology and function. Clinically, benign prostatic hyperplasia, bladder neck sclerosis, urethral valves or urethral strictures can cause mechanical BOO 1. Although a correlation between LUTS and BOO or metabolic syndrome are known, to our knowledge, the detailed aetiology of LUTS remains unknown. Some symptoms, e.g. nocturia, remain to treat completely due to unclear mechanisms of LUTS. Several studies have shown that nocturia is a common complaint and (one of) the most frequent events in male LUTS. Nocturnal voiding disrupts sleep, and therefore repeated nocturnal voiding deteriorates the health-related quality of life 2. There is very little information about the micturition behaviour as circadian bladder function in animal model. Previous studies have shown that pBOO induces non-voiding contraction and shortening of inter-contraction interval in urinary bladder in animals 3,4. Furthermore, pBOO leads to several morphological and functional changes in afferent pathways as well as in the bladder. To empty partial obstructed-bladder, pBOO produces compensate hypertrophy of detrusor, which causes gain of the thickness and weight of the bladder wall ...

Aims/Methods: To investigate whether smoking affects the serum level of leptin, 708 male workers aged 25–65 years old were cross-sectionally surveyed. Results: Multiple regression analysis indicated that among the various parameters examined, the level of leptin was positively associated with the body mass index and the levels of insulin, total cholesterol and uric acid, and was inversely associated with physical activity and the level of creatinine. The partial correlation coefficient of leptin was highest against the body mass index (r = 0.40), followed by insulin (0.29) and physical activity (–0.14), after adjustment for other leptin-related variables. However, no association was observed between the level of leptin and smoking (0.05), alcohol consumption (0.09) or age (0.09). Conclusions: The findings suggest that among life-style habits, physical activity, but not smoking or alcohol consumption, significantly affects the serum level of leptin in Japanese men.