Synthesis of graphene nano sheets were carried out by using new route and ammonia as well as to produce gram scale graphene. Graphene nano sheets was characterized by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX). The results of XRD showed that the reemergence of diffraction lines C(002) at 2θ =26.5°, and the distance between the planes is 3.35 Å, which shows the typical structure of graphite and multiple layer of graphene. The results of SEM-EDX showed that the particle size and the graphene nano sheets has a smaller pore size and uniform and randomly arranged aggregates with a thin layer which is closely related to one another. Graphene nano sheets has small size or shape is small and thin also aggregate related with each other.

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A low-cost, green, and highly active catalyst which could transesterify oil under ambient conditions is required to reduce the biodiesel production cost. A novel heterogeneous catalyst derived from the waste agroproduct has been developed from passion fruit peel. The catalytic activity of calcined waste passion fruit peel (WPFP) which mainly contains potassium in the form of chloride and carbonate has been evaluated using factorial design to determine the interaction of molar ratio of oil to methanol, catalyst weight, and reaction time with three different reaction conditions such as 65, 45 °C, and room temperature. The transesterification of palm oil to biodiesel achieved a conversion of >90% for all variables determined at a reaction temperature of 45 and 65 °C, respectively, while a maximum biodiesel conversion of 95.4 ± 2.8% was obtained at room temperature and a reaction time of 30 min. The addition of certain amounts of the catalyst is required to reuse the catalyst as the leaching study showed the reduction of 22% of catalyst weight. The ability of calcined WPFP to catalyze transesterification at room temperature opens up the possibility to reduce biodiesel production cost.

A multistep and high-cost biodiesel production could be simplified using the direct transesterification (DT) method.

Nitrogen doping into graphene was carried out by heating Graphene Nano Sheets (GNS) in ammonia to produce N‐doped graphene (N−G). The N−G was used as a support material for Pt catalyst as well as a catalyst itself for half‐cell cathode reaction of hydrogen fuel cell (H2FC). It is found that the Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) electro catalytic activity for N−G 900 (0.63 V versus RHE) is higher than GNS. It indicates that the incorporation of nitrogen in N−G may affect the ORR activities. XPS results exhibit the pyridinic N is the majority in N−G, where the pyridinic N refers to N atom bonds with two C atoms at the edges or defects of graphene. Interestingly, the Pt subnano‐clusters were formed on all of Pt/N−G catalysts with Pt particle size (0.7–1.0 nm). It clearly indicates that the doping of nitrogen significantly influence π–d hybridization in terms of electronic structures.