Waste rubber seeds as a renewable energy source: direct biodiesel production using a controlled crushing device

Abstract

A multistep and high-cost biodiesel production could be simplified using the direct transesterification (DT) method.

Utilization of waste banana peels as heterogeneous catalysts in room-temperature biodiesel production using a homogenizer

“…33 Increasing catalyst weight could increase the biodiesel conversion up to the maximum peak before gradually decreasing. 28 This is presumably due to the increased viscosity of the reactant mixture, which decreases the active site of the heterogeneous catalyst. 34,35 Therefore, the catalyst weight was investigated under reaction conditions of a molar ratio of 1 : 15, a reaction time of 30 min and a rotational speed of 4000 rpm.…”

“…The biodiesel conversion was determined by gas chromatography (GC) analysis following the procedure reported in previously published studies. 2,21,28 The biodiesel product was weighted (w) and the aliquot was added with methyl heptadecanoate as the internal standard. Then, 1 mL of the sample was injected into a GC Shimadzu type 2010 equipped with a capillary column and ame ionization detector with helium as the carrier gas.…”

Controlled crushing device-intensified direct biodiesel production of Black Soldier Fly larvae

“…The soxhlet method was used to quantify the oil content in the BSF larvae following previous procedures [ 16 , 27 ]. Firstly the BSF larvae were dried in an oven at 105 °C until constant weight and were ground with a coffee grinder.…”

“…The main bottleneck in current biodiesel production is lipid/oil preparation which accounted for 75–88% of total biodiesel cost [ 1 , 15 , 16 ]. Direct transesterification (DT) processes offer a simple biodiesel production through simultaneous extraction and transesterification of oil-bearing material [ 1 , 17 ].…”

“…Except for microfluidic device, all the DT process is conducted at high reaction temperature which is energy intensive [ 26 ]. Our previous study in the DT of rubber seed to biodiesel using the CCD showed that the biodiesel conversion of 97.5 ± 0.6% was achieved in 7 min at room temperature [ 16 ]. Therefore the present study demonstrates the DT of BSF larvae to produce biodiesel at room temperature.…”