Utilization of waste banana peels as heterogeneous catalysts in room-temperature biodiesel production using a homogenizer

Abstract

Banana peels as agro-waste residues contain potassium oxide as the main component after calcination. The calcined waste banana peels (WBPs) successfully transesterified palm oil to biodiesel at room temperature using a homogenizer.

Room temperature esterification of high-free fatty acid feedstock into biodiesel

“…The GC analysis was performed following the EN 14103:2011 standard. 20,27 The conversion of 97.1 ± 0.7% was determined using GC analysis which was quite similar to the conversion determined based on acid value. Further, the biodiesel formation was confirmed using a spectrophotometer FT-IR.…”

“…The catalyst plays a crucial role in the esterification reaction as it can accelerate the reaction rate. 20 Catalyst concentration has a linear relation with the biodiesel conversion. It has been reported that increasing catalyst concentration could increase biodiesel conversion until reaches the maximum point.…”

“…The study in homogenizer intensified biodiesel production from palm oil using calcined waste banana peels showed decreasing biodiesel conversion in increasing catalyst loading after reaching the maximum point. 20 The significant effect of changing catalyst concentration and reaction time on the biodiesel conversion was identified using ANOVA. Tukey's test revealed that all the parameters tested were significantly affecting the conversion.…”

“…31,32 It is well known that mixing intensity could increase the interaction between reactants increasing the reaction rate. 20 Thus, experiments were carried out with rotational speeds of 3000, 4000 and 5000 rpm at a constant catalyst concentration of 0.7 mol L −1 and ratio molar of 1 : 12. The observed changes in biodiesel conversion related to rotational speed have been depicted in Fig.…”

Optimization and Deep Learning Modeling of the Yield and Properties of Baobab-Derived Biodiesel Catalyzed by Waste Banana Bunch Stalk Biochar

“…The presence of potassium, phosphate, and silicon (Si−O−Si) stretching vibrations in the BBB may be related to the low-intensity peak at 700−960 cm −1 . 27 The ambient CO 2 adsorption onto metal oxides found in the activated biomass catalyst can be attributed to the peak at 1173 cm −1 . 52 The FTIR analyses of the UBB and BBB materials demonstrated that variations in the peak intensity and shift substantiated the structural changes that occurred during the calcination and activation processes.…”