We have developed a low-power current reference circuit with little temperature dependence for micro-power LSIs in a 0.35-m standard complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) process. The proposed circuit consists of a bias-voltage subcircuit, a current-source subcircuit, and an offset-voltage generation (OVG) subcircuit. The OVG subcircuit consists of a subthreshold MOS resistor ladder. It is used to generate a small offset voltage that is independent of temperature and compensates for the temperature dependence of the reference current. Experimental results demonstrated that the proposed circuit generated a 95-nA reference current and that the total power dissipation was 598 nW. The temperature coefficient of the reference current can be kept within 523 ppm/ C at temperatures from À20 to 100 C.
The laser scattering characteristics from tissue microvasculature have been made clear by means of theoretical and experimental approaches. Our results show that the integrated intensity of the power spectrum correlates linearly with the volume of red blood cells in a given tissue provided the average collision number (m̄) between photons and moving red blood cells is less than unity. Also, the integrated intensity of the power spectrum is proportional to tissue blood volume if the density of red blood cells in blood (hematocrit) is constant.
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