Background Pain catastrophizing and self-efficacy are useful for predicting pain; these are associated with pain intensity and facilitate evaluation of psychological factors. However, it remains unclear whether the effects are direct or indirect in patients with frozen shoulder; the impact on each variable has also not been clarified. Thus, this study aimed to examine the structural relationship between pain catastrophizing, self-efficacy, and pain intensity in patients with frozen shoulder. Methods Participants who were diagnosed with frozen shoulder between January 2016 and March 2017 were recruited from a single orthopedic clinic. Patients aged 18 years or older, who had been symptomatic for < 1 year and reported localized pain in one shoulder, experienced night pain, and had restricted active and passive shoulder motions were included. Pain intensity (Numerical Rating Scale (NRS)), pain catastrophizing (Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS)), and self-efficacy (Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ)) were measured at the first examination, and the relationship was examined using the Bayesian estimation method. The model was modified repeatedly based on the posterior prediction p value, deviance information criterion (DIC), and Bayesian information criterion (BIC); the model with the highest explanatory power was adopted as the final model. Results Ninety-three patients diagnosed with frozen shoulder were included in this study. On path analysis, the model in which pain intensity affected psychological factors had the most explanation. The convergence index potential scale reduction was below 1.1, and the convergence of the estimate was confirmed. The posterior prediction p value was 0.25, DIC = 1328.705, and BIC = 1356.872; the validity of the fit of the model was confirmed. The path coefficients from the NRS to the PSEQ, from the NRS to the PCS, and from the PSEQ to the PCS scores were − 0.232 (95% confidence interval (CI), − 0.406 to − 0.033), 0.259 (95% CI, 0.083–0.419), and − 0.504 (95% CI, − 0.646 to − 0.334), respectively; these values were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusion Our results show that pain intensity increases the risk of chronic pain including pain catastrophizing and self-efficacy and that pain catastrophizing increases by decreasing self-efficacy in patients with frozen shoulder.
[Purpose] We investigated the characteristics of electromyographic trunk muscle activities and the relationship between the trunk muscle activities and postural sway during one-leg standing.[Subjects] Ten people (25.1 ± 4.4 years old) participated in this study.[Methods] Electromyographic trunk muscle activities and postural sway were evaluated during one-leg standing and twoleg standing.[Results] Thoracic and lumbar erector spinae and external oblique on the side of the raised leg were activated significantly more higher in one-leg standing than in two-leg standing. Lumbar multifidus and internal oblique on the side of standing leg had a tendency to be activated higher in one-leg standing. After some trunk muscle activities on the side of the raised leg and postural sway correlated significantly.[Conclusion] The results suggest that trunk muscle activities influence the balance ability during one-leg standing.
[Purpose] We investigated the characteristics of electromyographic trunk muscle activities and the relationship between the trunk muscle activities and postural sway during unstable sitting.[Subjects] Ten people (25.1 ± 4.4 years old) participated in this study.[Methods] Electromyographic trunk muscle activities and postural sway were evaluated during unstable sitting and stable sitting.[Results] Abdominal muscles were activated significantly more higher in unstable sitting than in stable sitting. Also, rectus abdominis, thoracic and lumbar erector spinae muscles activities that could be classified as global muscle activity and postural sway correlated significantly, but local muscle activity did not. [Conclusion] The results suggest that rectus abdominis, thoracic and lumbar erector spinae muscle activities that can be classified as global muscle activity influence the balance ability during unstable sitting.
Background: The evaluation of pain catastrophizing and self-efficacy is useful for predicting pain and is also associated with shoulder pain. The purposes of our study were to examine the relationship between pain catastrophizing, self-efficacy, and pain intensity in patients with a frozen shoulder.Methods: Ninety-three patients who were diagnosed with frozen shoulder were included in this study. Pain intensity (Numerical Rating Scale: NRS), pain catastrophizing (Pain Catastrophizing Scale: PCS), and self-efficacy (Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire: PSEQ) were measured at the first examination, and the relationship was examined using Bayesian estimation method. We developed a hypothesis model in which self-efficacy affects pain catastrophizing and pain catastrophizing affects pain intensity.Results: The path coefficients from the PSEQ score to the PCS score and from the PCS score to the NRS score were significant. The convergence of the hypothesized model was confirmed and validated (posterior prediction p-value 0.35). Conclusion: Our results suggest that self-efficacy affects pain catastrophizing, and pain catastrophizing affects pain intensity.
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