Polydopamine (PDA) is a simple and versatile conformal coating material that has been proposed for a variety of uses; however in practice its performance is often hindered by poor mechanical properties and high roughness. Here, we show that blue-diode laser annealing dramatically improves mechanical performance and reduces roughness of PDA coatings. Laser-annealed PDA (LAPDA) was shown to be >100-fold more scratch resistant than pristine PDA and even better than hard inorganic substrates, which we attribute to partial graphitization and covalent coupling between PDA subunits during annealing. Moreover, laser annealing provides these benefits while preserving other attractive properties of PDA, as demonstrated by the superior biofouling resistance of antifouling polymer-grafted LAPDA compared to PDA modified with the same polymer. Our work suggests that laser annealing may allow the use of PDA in mechanically demanding applications previously considered inaccessible, without sacrificing the functional versatility that is so characteristic of PDA.

Cardiac tissues are able to adjust their contractile behavior to adapt to the local mechanical environment. Nonuniformity of the native tissue mechanical properties contributes to the development of heart dysfunctions, yet the current in vitro cardiac tissue models often fail to recapitulate the mechanical nonuniformity. To address this issue, a 3D cardiac microtissue model is developed with engineered mechanical nonuniformity, enabled by 3D‐printed hybrid matrices composed of fibers with different diameters. When escalating the complexity of tissue mechanical environments, cardiac microtissues start to develop maladaptive hypercontractile phenotypes, demonstrated in both contractile motion analysis and force‐power analysis. This novel hybrid system could potentially facilitate the establishment of “pathologically‐inspired” cardiac microtissue models for deeper understanding of heart pathology due to nonuniformity of the tissue mechanical environment.

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Time-resolved emission and scattering imaging are employed to analyze the ablation mechanisms of silver thin films induced by femtosecond laser irradiation of Gaussian intensity profile under different laser fluences and gas background pressures. At fluences near the ablation threshold, nanoparticles (NPs) of 40 nm-100 nm in size are ejected in the vertical direction from the target sample. The average ejection speed of these NPs increases with the laser fluence and also as the background gas pressure drops from ambient atmospheric to $10 À5 Torr. At higher fluences, a plume is formed at the center of the laser beam and NPs are released in oblique trajectories from the peripheral area of the laser-irradiated spot.

In this work, we studied single-pulse ablation dynamics of temporally modulated continuous wave laser-material interaction with Al using in situ multimodal time-resolved diagnostics, that describe in detail the associated physical and chemical processes. Timeresolved scattering, emission imaging, and optical emission spectroscopy unveiled a sequence of events spread out across three distinct phases: (i) early phase ablation process, associated with particle generation and liquid Al columns formation (< 20 μs), (ii) secondary detonation when sufficient ejected material is accumulated over the surface (20-50 μs), and (iii) molten liquid Al pool oscillation on the surface, followed by large droplet ejection from the liquid pool (100-500 μs). Atomic Al and AlO were observed with optical emission spectroscopy at different ratios during the entire lifetime of the event, verifying the formation of oxidized Al vapor upon its interaction with air. Morphological and compositional characterization confirmed surface oxidation and material resolidification in the form of protrusions produced during the irradiation process. This work provides insights into the complex physical and chemical mechanisms of single-pulse ablation in the sub-millisecond laser pulse regime, which are critically important for parameter optimization in a variety of laser processing, microfabrication, and deposition applications.

A continuous-wave blue laser annealing (BLA) system (λ ~ 440 nm) is applied to delineate the physical phenomenon of lowtemperature crystallization from amorphous Si (a-Si) thin film to poly-Si film on glass substrates for potential industrial application. At various scanning speeds and laser intensities, crystallization mechanism of BLA has been studied. It shows that BLA can achieve high quality, smooth poly-Si film with laterally grown grains with sizes of 4×10 µm, as studied by optical microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and AFM. The pchannel poly-Si TFT on glass exhibited the field-effect mobility of 120.82 cm 2 /Vs and subthreshold swing of 284mV/dec. Therefore, it proves that BLA can substitute conventional annealing processes as a reliable, scalable, and economical tool.

Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is a promising technology for in-situ analysis of Plasma-Facing Components in magnetic confinement fusion facilities. It is of major interest to monitor the hydrogen isotope retention i.e. tritium and deuterium over many operation hours to guarantee safety and availability of the future reactor. In our studies we use ultraviolet femtosecond laser pulses to analyze tungsten (W) tiles that were exposed to a deuterium plasma in the linear plasma device PSI-2, which mimics conditions at the first wall. A high-resolution spectrometer is used to detect the Balmer-$$\alpha$$ α transition of the surface from implanted hydrogen isotopes (H and D). We use Calibration Free CF-LIBS to quantify the amount of deuterium stored in W. This proof-of-principle study shows the applicability of femtosecond lasers for the detection of low deuterium concentration as present in first wall material of prevailing fusion experiments.

Blue diode laser annealing (BLA) systems have been successfully developed for low‐temperature crystallization from amorphous silicon film on glass substrates. It is demonstrated that it can achieve high quality poly‐Si film with large grain sizes, as studied by optical microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and AFM measurements. The p‐channel poly‐Si TFT on glass using BLA exhibited the field‐effect mobility of 168.05 cm2/Vs and subthreshold swing of 220 mV/dec. BLA is scalable to large‐scale display manufacturing and significantly lowers the capital expense and operating cost, since diode lasers are highly reliable and rugged, remarkably efficient, and maintenance‐free, allowing 24/7 operations without the need of consumables. The BLA system consists of an array of high‐power blue diode lasers (λ ~ 450 nm) and beam‐shaping optics to produce a line‐shaped beam which can be scanned at high speed to anneal the Si film in a single scan, where the high scan speed minimizes thermal stress. The scan‐to‐scan is seamless to cover a large panel such as G6 or G8 without glass damage. The physical phenomena responsible for melting and recrystallization are explained by heat transfer simulations for process optimization.