Intracranial hypotension, especially spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH), is a well—recognized entity associated with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks, and has being recognized better in resent years, while still woefully inadequate. An increasing number of factors including iatrogenic factors are realized to involve in development and progression of intracranial hypotension. The diagnosis remains difficult due to the various clinical manifestations, some of which are nonspecific and easily to be neglected. Multiple imaging tests are optional in CSF leakage identification while clinicians are still confronted with difficulties when making selection resulting from superiorities and disadvantages of different imaging tests. Treatments for intracranial hypotension are multifarious but evidence is anecdotal. Values of autologous epidural blood patching (EBP), the mainstay of first-line interventional treatment currently, is getting more and more regards while there are no systematic review of its efficacy and risks. Hereby, the purpose of this review was to reveal the present strategy of intracranial hypotension diagnosis and treatment by reviewing literatures, coupled with our experience in clinical work.

Lumbar spine surgery is one of the most widespread types of surgery for treating back and leg pain. However, the postoperative period always presents with severe pain due to the removal of skin, subcutaneous tissues, bones, and ligaments. Patients usually require high doses of opioids to relieve pain during the initial three days after operation, as well as experience drugrelated complications and prolonged length of stay in hospital. We found that Erector spinae plane block significantly reduced postoperative opioid consumption and pain scores. The present systematic review revealed that ESPB was effective and safe for postoperative analgesia.

ERAS protocol is feasible and safe for laparoscopic liver resection. Patients in ERAS group have less pain and complications.

Further biomimicking natural bone and enhancing osteoinductivity to meet the requirements of regenerative medicine is the key development direction of biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) ceramics.

Background: Recently, cancer pain management has come increasingly to be provided in outpatient settings, requiring health-care providers and outpatients to take on responsibilities. Pain is among the most distressing symptoms of cancer. Objectives: To compare the effectiveness of nurse-led telephone calls plus WeChat versus telephone calls only for the pain management of outpatients with cancer. Methods: 231 outpatients with cancer pain were classified into two groups (group 1, N=125; group 2, N=106). Group 1 was followed up with weekly telephone calls for eight weeks, and group 2 with weekly telephone calls combined with the booklets through WeChat for eight weeks. Differences between groups in pain level, side effects, medication adherence, and satisfaction with pain management were analyzed, and statistical differences were tested usingan independent-sample t -test and a chi-squared test. Results: Group 2 had a significantly lower rest pain ( p <0.01), and lower move pain but there was no statistical difference between the two groups. Among patients in group 2, constipation, nausea and vomiting, and dizziness were less ( p <0.01), while medication adherence ( p <0.05) and pain management satisfaction were higher ( p <0.01) than patients in group 1. Conclusion: Nurse-led follow-up telephone calls combined with WeChat significantly reduced opioid-related health problems, such as pain intensity, side effects and medication adherence.

An epidural blood patch (EBP) is the mainstay of treatment for refractory spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH). We evaluated the treatment efficacy of targeted EBP in refractory SIH. All patients underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with contrast and heavily T2-weighted spine MRI. Whole spine computed tomography (CT) myelography with non-ionic contrast was performed in 46 patients, and whole spine MR myelography with intrathecal gadolinium was performed in 119 patients. Targeted EBPs were placed in the prone position one or two vertebral levels below the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks. Repeat EBPs were offered at 1-week intervals to patients with persistent symptoms, continued CSF leakage, or with multiple leakage sites. Brain MRIs showed pachymeningeal enhancement in 127 patients and subdural hematomas in 32 patients. One hundred fifty-two patients had CSF leakages on heavily T2-weighted spine MRIs. CSF leaks were also detected on CT and MR myelography in 43 and 111 patients, respectively. Good recovery was achieved in all patients after targeted EBP. No serious complications occurred in patients treated with targeted EBP during the 1 to 7 years of follow-up. Targeted and repeat EBPs are rational choices for treatment of refractory SIH caused by CSF leakage.

Biomimicking the nanostructure of natural bone apatite to enhance the bioactivity of hydroxyapatite (HA) biomaterials is an eternal topic in the bone regeneration field.

This study was to investigate the feasibility and safety of patient-controlled intravenous analgesia for opiate titration in patients with severe cancer. Eligible patients with cancer pain were randomly divided into two groups, which were titrated with a subcutaneous injection of morphine and patient-controlled intravenous analgesia, respectively. The time required for patients to begin titration to reach visual analog scale score ⩽ 3, the adverse reactions during titration, the time spent by nurses in titrating each patient, and the time to complete the titration with a delayed-release dosage form analgesic effect and adverse reaction. The mean titration time of patient-controlled intravenous analgesia group (1.09 ± 0.82 vs 2.97 ± 1.98) and morphine dosage (18.78 ± 12.32 vs 13.23 ± 8.07) were significantly lower than those in the subcutaneous group (P < 0.05). The incidences of nausea, vomiting, pruritus, urinary retention, and sedation in the subcutaneous injection group were significantly lower than those in the subcutaneous injection group (P < 0.05). The assessment times of the two groups (10.19 ± 3.72 vs 10.25 ± 4.88) were similar (P > 0.05). However, the time required for subcutaneous injection in patients under patient-controlled intravenous analgesia was significantly lower than that in the subcutaneous injection group (36.36 ± 12.15 vs 132.36 ± 32.79), which was statistically significant (P < 0.05). After the titration, the controlled release opioid was used to treat cancer pain. The visual analog scale score of the patientcontrolled intravenous analgesia group was significantly lower than that of the subcutaneous group (2.44 ± 1.37 vs 2.73 ± 0.91) at 7 days after treatment in the subcutaneous group (1.05 ± 0.30 vs 2.45 ± 1.29; P < 0.05). Patient-controlled intravenous analgesia technique can effectively and quickly complete the titration of cancer pain treatment with less occupational care resources and is better than the subcutaneous injection titration.