Background: Little is known regarding the role of eating quickly, physical inactivity, and poor cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in assessing the onset of metabolic syndrome (Mets) in Korean young adults. Objectives: This study examined the association between the three risk factors and Mets in 1891 Korean university students (30% female) aged 18–29 years. Methods: Eating speed (slow vs. fast) and physical activity (active vs. inactive) were assessed with a standardized questionnaire. Maximal oxygen uptake as an indicator of CRF was assessed with graded exercise testing. Components of Mets were waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, fasting blood glucose (FBG), triglycerides (TG), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC). Results: All the three exposures were positively associated with abdominal obesity, elevated blood pressures, elevated FBG, elevated TG, and decreased HDLC. Logistic regression analysis showed that the odds ratio (OR) of Mets was incremental in the order of physical inactivity (odds ratio, OR = 1.666; 95% confidence interval, CI = 1.024–2.708; p = 0.040), fast eating (OR = 1.687; 95% CI = 1.094–2.601; p = 0.018), and poor CRF (OR = 5.378; 95% CI = 3.475–8.325; p < 0.001). Conclusions: The current findings suggest that a multifaceted intervention targeting at promotion of physical activity and CRF in concert with healthy eating behaviors should be implemented as a preventive strategy against Mets in Korean university students.

Cognitive decline with normal aging varies widely among individuals. This study aimed to investigate predictors of longitudinal changes in cognitive function in community-dwelling Korean adults aged 65 years and older. Data from 727 older adults who participated in the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) survey from 2006 (baseline) until 2018 (seventh wave) were used. Cognitive performance was assessed with the Korean Mini-Mental State Examination. The participants were retrospectively classified into normal cognition, mild cognitive impairment, and moderate/severe cognitive impairment. Education, income, religion, living area, alcohol intake, smoking, physical activity, handgrip strength, functional dependency, depression, comorbidity, medications, fall experience, and unintentional weight loss were included as covariates. A linear mixed regression analysis showed that a steeper decline in cognitive function over time was significantly associated with parameters of poor socio-economic status, health conditions, and unhealthy behaviors. Individuals with mild cognitive impairment or moderate/severe cognitive impairment were likely to have steeper cognitive declines compared with individuals with normal cognition. The current findings of the study showed that age-related cognitive decline was multifactorial in older Korean adults.

Background: Little is known regarding the role of nutrition in determining the associations between lifestyle risk factors and depression. Objectives: This study examined whether or not nutritional adequacy modulates the relationship between depression and lifestyle risk factors in Korean adults aged 18-65 years (n = 7446). Methods: Data were obtained from the 2016 and 2018 Korea National Health and Examination Survey. Depression, smoking, at-risk alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, sleep deprivation, and mean adequacy ratio (MAR) were assessed. Results: Individuals with two (OR = 1.960, p < 0.001), three (OR = 4.237, p < 0.001), or four (OR = 5.312, p < 0.001) risk factors had a significantly higher risk of depression compared to individuals with one or zero risk factor. In contrast, individuals with moderate MAR (OR = 0.607, p < 0.001) and high (OR = 0.698, p < 0.001) MAR had a lower depression risk compared to individuals with low MAR. Moderation analysis showed a moderating effect of MAR (coefficient = −0.220, p = 0.007) on the relationship between risk factors and depression. Conclusions: The current findings suggest that overall nutritional adequacy plays a modulating role in determining the relationship between depression and lifestyle risk factors in Korean adults.

Background: This study examined the relationship of physical activity (PA) combined with lower-body muscle strength to late-life depression and cognitive impairment in 10,097 participants (6062 females) ≥ 65 years of age. Methods: Exposures were PA, sit-to-stand test (STST), and depressive symptoms. Outcome was cognitive performance. Results: Depressed individuals had an increased risk of mild cognitive impairment (MCI; odds ratio (OR), adjusted OR = 1.845 and 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.580–2.154, p < 0.001) compared with non-depressed individuals. Individuals who had insufficient PA and a poor STST and either insufficient PA or a poor STST had an increased risk of MCI (adjusted OR = 1.329 and 95% CI = 1.209–1.46, p < 0.001 and adjusted OR = 2.822 and 95% CI = 2.488–3.200, p < 0001, respectively) compared with individuals who had sufficient PA and a good STST. A significant moderation effect of PA combined with lower-body muscle strength on the relationship between depression and cognitive function was observed (β = −1.3923; 95% CI = −2.1505 to −0.6341, p < 0.003). Conclusions: The negative effect of late-life depression on cognitive function was incremental in the order of sufficient PA and a good STST, insufficient PA or a poor STST, and insufficient PA and a poor STST.

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PURPOSE: This study investigated whether physical activity (PA) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) modulate the relationship between eating speed and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Korean university students.METHODS: A total of 1,071 college students 751 males and 320 females participated in this study. The volume of PA (minutes per week) assessed by a self-reported questionnaire was classified as sufficient or insufficient based on the global recommendation of 150 minutes per week. Self-reported eating speed was classified as normal or fast. CRF was classified as low (lowest 25%), moderate (middle 50%), and high (highest 25%) based on the maximum volume of oxygen consumption determined during a graded treadmill running.RESULTS: Bivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the adjusted odds ratio (OR) of fast eating for metabolic syndrome was 1.94 (95% confidence interval, CI=1.34-2.82, <i>p</i><.001) in the total group and 1.75 (95% CI=1.18-2.59, <i>p</i>=.005) in male students only. Logistic regression showed that in the total group, fasting eating was associated with an increased risk of MetS (OR=1.780, 95% CI=1.223-2.259, <i>p</i>=.003) compared to individuals with normal eating speed (OR=1) even after adjustments for age, sex, smoking, and alcohol intake. Additionally, male students with fast eating were at increased risk of MetS (OR=1.750, 95% CI=1.181-2.529, <i>p</i>=.005) compared to their counterparts with normal eating speed even after adjustments for all the covariates. Moderation analyses by Andrew F. Hayes showed that the effect of eating speed on MetS risk differed by physical activity (β=-0.389, 95% CI=-0.706- 0.071, <i>p</i>=.017) and CRF levels (β=-0.307, 95% CI=-0.496-0.118, <i>p</i>=.002) even after adjustments for all the covariates.CONCLUSIONS: The current findings of the study suggest that both regular PA and CRF can play a preventive role against MetS associated with fast eating in Korean college students.

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Objective: Hypertension is commonly accompanied by many comorbidities that are major determinant factors for the severity of COVID-19. To investigate Comorbidities factors and hypertension in relation to COVID-19 Design and method: A retrospective analysis that independent factors in hospitalized patients with COVID 19. Results: A study consisting of 164 COVID 19 patients with hypertension and comorbidities factors (HTCOB) was higher severity and complications in the 49 cases than in the 115 cases with only hypertension cases. Chest computed tomographic scans showed bilateral patchy shadows or ground glass opacity in the lungs of 14 COB patients. The median time from first symptom to dyspnea was 5 days, to hospital admission was 21 days in the HTCOB. Multivariable-adjusted analysis revealed that male sex, age over 60 years old, obesity and hypertension were independent factors for COVID 19 severity. Adjustment for age, high lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and D dimer, hypertension with obesity was independently associated with the severity of COVID 19 on admission Conclusions: There patients with both obesity and hypertension are at particularly high risk for severe disease in COVID-19 and thus require careful observation and intensive treatment.