Objectives: Data regarding acute severe hypertension, a life-threatening condition encountered in the emergency department, are limited. We aimed to identify the characteristics, practice patterns, and outcomes of patients with acute severe hypertension in the emergency department.Methods: This cross-sectional study at a tertiary referral centre included patients aged at least 18 years who were admitted to the emergency department between January 2016 and December 2019 for acute severe hypertension, which was defined as SBP at least 180 mmHg and/or DBP at least 100 mmHg.Results: Of 172 105 patients who visited the emergency department, 10 219 (5.9%) had acute severe hypertension. Of them, 2506 (24.5%) patients had acute hypertensionmediated organ damage (HMOD), and these patients had more cardiovascular risk factors than did patients without HMOD. Additionally, 4137 (40.5%) patients were admitted, and nine (0.1%) died in the emergency department. The overall 3-month, 1-year, and 3-year mortality rates were 4.8, 8.8, and 13.9%, respectively. In patients with HMOD, the 1-year mortality rate was 26.9%, and patients lost to follow-up had a significantly higher 1year mortality rate than those who were followed up (21.3 vs. 10.5%, respectively, P < 0.001). Conclusion:The mortality rate in patients with acute severe hypertension in the emergency department is high, especially in patients with HMOD. Evaluation of HMOD, investigating the underlying causes, and adequate followup are mandatory to improve the outcomes in these patients. This study emphasizes the need for diseasespecific guidelines that include detailed acute treatment strategies and follow-up management for acute severe hypertension.

Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk factors; however, its association with the specific markers of subclinical atherosclerosis has not yet been established. To investigate this association, we compared 70 patients with RVO to 70 age- and sex-matched patients without RVO. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) were significantly higher in the RVO group than in the control group. Carotid plaques (54.3% vs. 28.6%, p = 0.004) were more frequent in the RVO group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the presence of carotid plaques (odds ratio [OR]: 3.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.38–7.16, p = 0.006), as well as smoking, LDL-C level, and baPWV were associated with RVO. Additionally, a multinomial logistic regression model showed that the presence of carotid plaques (OR: 3.94, 95% CI 1.65–9.41, p = 0.002) and LDL-C level were associated with branch RVO, whereas smoking and baPWV were associated with central RVO. In conclusion, RVO was associated with subclinical atherosclerosis markers, including carotid plaques and baPWV. These results support the hypothesis that atherosclerosis contributes to the etiology of RVO and suggest the evaluation of subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with RVO.

Hypertensive urgency is characterized by an acute increase in blood pressure without acute target organ damage, which is considered to be managed with close outpatient follow-up. However, limited data are available on the prognosis of these cases in emergency departments. We investigated the characteristics and predictors of all-cause mortality in Korean emergency patients with hypertensive urgency. This cross-sectional study included patients aged ≥ 18 years who visited an emergency tertiary referral center between January 2016 and December 2019 for hypertensive urgency, which was defined as a systolic blood pressure of ≥ 180 mmHg and a diastolic blood pressure of ≥ 110 mmHg, or both, without acute target organ damage. The 1 and 3 year all-cause mortality rates were 6.8% and 12.1%, respectively. The incidence of emergency department revisits and readmission after 3 months and 1 year was significantly higher in non-survivors than in survivors. In a multivariate analysis, age ≥ 60 years (hazard ratio (HR), 16.66; 95% CI, 6.20–44.80; p < 0.001), male sex (HR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.22–1.94; p < 0.001), history of chronic kidney disease (HR, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.53–3.09; p < 0.001), and proteinuria (HR, 1.94; 95% CI, 1.53–2.48; p < 0.001) were independent predictors of 3 year all-cause mortality. The all-cause mortality rate of hypertensive urgency remains high despite the increased utilization of antihypertensive medications. Old age, male sex, history of chronic kidney disease, and proteinuria were poor prognostic factors for all-cause mortality in patients with hypertensive urgency.

Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is known to be associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk factors, but the association between specific markers of subclinical atherosclerosis has not been established. To investigate this association, we compared the results of cardiovascular examinations of 76 patients with RVO and 175 age- and sex-matched control subjects. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) were significantly higher in the RVO group than in the control group. Carotid plaque (54.3% vs. 28.6%, p = 0.004) was more frequent in the RVO group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the presence of carotid plaque [odds ratio (OR) 3.15, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.38–7.16, p = 0.006], as well as smoking, LDL-C level, and baPWV was associated with RVO. Additionally, a multinomial logistic regression model showed that the presence of carotid plaque (OR 3.94, 95% CI 1.65–9.41, p = 0.002) and LDL-C level were associated with branch RVO, whereas smoking and baPWV were associated with central RVO. In conclusion, RVO is associated with subclinical atherosclerosis markers, including carotid plaques and baPWV. These results support the hypothesis of a vascular etiology of RVO and suggest the evaluation of subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with RVO.