Meiotic recombination creates genetic diversity and ensures segregation of homologous chromosomes. Previous population analyses yielded results averaged among individuals and impacted by evolutionary pressures. Here we sequenced 99 sperm from an Asian male using the newly developed amplification method—Multiple Annealing and Looping-Based Amplification Cycles (MALBAC)—to phase the personal genome and map at high resolution recombination events, which are non-uniformly distributed across the genome in the absence of selection pressure. The paucity of recombination near transcription start sites observed in individual sperm indicates such a phenomenon is intrinsic to the molecular mechanism of meiosis. Interestingly, a decreased crossover frequency in companion with an increase of autosomal aneuploidy is observable on a global per-sperm basis.

To meet their metabolic needs, starved cells first activate autophagy, but activation in parallel of the general amino acid control pathway increases amino acid uptake, leading to reactivation of mTOR and down-regulation of autophagy.

The RCA lineage of the marine Roseobacter group represents one of the slow-growing but dominant components of marine microbial communities. Although dozens of roseophages have been characterized, no phages infecting RCA strains have been reported. In this study, we reported on the first RCA phage genomes and investigated their distribution pattern and relative abundance in comparison with other important marine phage groups. Two of the four RCA phage groups were found closely related to previously reported SAR116 phage HMO-2011 and Cobavirus group roseophages, respectively. The remaining two groups are novel in the genome contents. Our study also revealed that RCA phages are widely distributed and exhibit high abundance in marine viromic data sets. Altogether, our findings have greatly broadened our understanding of RCA phages and emphasize the ecological and evolutionary importance of RCA phages in the marine virosphere.

Carbon-nitrogen bond formation from inert C-H bonds is an ideal organic transformation and a highly desirable method for the synthesis of N-containing molecules due to its high efficiency and atom economy. In this report, we develop a general reaction to achieve an unprecedented selective intramolecular amination of unactivated C-H bond in the absence of complex directing groups. Functionalized heterocyclic products are built up from readily available linear amines through simple and reliable silver catalysis, representing a new silver-based C-H functionalization. This method displays preference for primary sp 3 C-H bonds and exhibits distinct chemo-and regioselectivity compared to existing methods of direct amination (Hofmann-Löffler-Freytag reaction and nitrene insertion). The study highlights the manipulation of unfunctionalized groups in organic molecules to furnish complex structural units in the natural and bioactive molecules.

Selective cleavage of an inert C-C bond followed by C-O/N bond formation through a long-distance aryl migration from a carbon to a nitrogen center via Ag catalysis is reported. The migration products were easily converted into γ-hydroxy amines and tetrahydroquinoline derivatives in quantitative yields. Preliminary mechanistic studies indicated a radical pathway.

A copper-catalyzed site-selective thiolation of Csp3–H bonds of aliphatic amines was developed. The method features a broad substrate scope and good functional group tolerance.

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Palladium-catalyzed direct lactonization of 2-arylacetic acids through a reaction sequence that includes C-H activation/C-O formation is reported. This method provides a concise and efficient pathway to synthesize fully functionalized benzofuranone derivatives, which are highly relevant to bioactive natural and synthetic products.