This bioprinting roadmap features salient advances in selected applications of the technique and highlights the status of current developments and challenges, as well as envisioned advances in science and technology, to address the challenges to the young and evolving technique. The topics covered in this roadmap encompass the broad spectrum of bioprinting; from cell expansion and novel bioink development to cell/stem cell printing, from organoid-based tissue organization to bioprinting of human-scale tissue structures, and from building cell/tissue/organ-on-a-chip to biomanufacturing of multicellular engineered living systems. The emerging application of printing-in-space and an overview of bioprinting technologies are also included in this roadmap. Due to the rapid pace of methodological advancements in bioprinting techniques and wide-ranging applications, the direction in which the field should advance is not immediately clear. This bioprinting roadmap addresses this unmet need by providing a comprehensive summary and recommendations useful to experienced researchers and newcomers to the field.

The importance of skeletal muscle tissue is undoubted being the controller of several vital functions including respiration and all voluntary locomotion activities. However, its regenerative capability is limited and significant tissue loss often leads to a chronic pathologic condition known as volumetric muscle loss. Here, we propose a biofabrication approach to rapidly restore skeletal muscle mass, 3D histoarchitecture, and functionality. By recapitulating muscle anisotropic organization at the microscale level, we demonstrate to efficiently guide cell differentiation and myobundle formation both in vitro and in vivo. Of note, upon implantation, the biofabricated myo‐substitutes support the formation of new blood vessels and neuromuscular junctions—pivotal aspects for cell survival and muscle contractile functionalities—together with an advanced muscle mass and force recovery. Altogether, these data represent a solid base for further testing the myo‐substitutes in large animal size and a promising platform to be eventually translated into clinical scenarios.

Nature builds living organisms in a bottom-up fashion, starting from the expression of genetic information on a cellular level, to the proliferation, differentiation, and self-assembly of cells into tissues/organs during embryo development and wound-healing processes. To mimic this bottom-up approach, it is essential to handle and manipulate small-scale biomaterials using specific technologies, such as microfluidic techniques. Microfluidics provides the tool-sets that deal with the behavior, precise control and manipulation of small amounts of fluids. Since the handling performed in aqueous environment guarantees the well-preserved bioactivities of biomaterials, microfluidic techniques show unique and critical advantages for biofabrication purposes. In this review, we report the recent progress on the bottom-up biofabrication using microfluidic techniques, such as the fabrication of microtissues, bioprinting of cell-laden tissue scaffolds, and organ-on-a-chip. As future perspectives, the deeper convergence of bottom-up approaches with top-down approaches as well as microfluidic-enabled vascularization of thick tissues is anticipated to have enormous impacts on the field of biofabrication.

A pesticide vapor sensor was developed using an agarose gel-based chip containing a nanopore sensing system. Vaporized omethoate was detected by the absorption into the gel, the complex formation with a DNA aptamer, and its obstruction at the nanopore. This strategy is applicable to other vapors, expanding the versatility of nanopore sensors.