Aim To assess the exosomal miR‐21/Let‐7a ratio, a noninvasive method, in distinguishing non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) from benign pulmonary diseases. Methods The exosomes were extracted from the peripheral blood serum using serum exosomal extraction kit. miR‐21 and Let‐7a levels were evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results We found that miR‐21/Let‐7a ratio of NSCLC patients was significantly higher than that of healthy people, patients with pulmonary inflammation diseases, and benign pulmonary nodules, respectively. Receiver‐operating characteristic analysis revealed that as compared with healthy controls, miR‐21/Let‐7a produced the area under the curve (AUC) at 0.8029 in patients with NSCLC, which helped to distinguish NSCLC from healthy controls with 81.33% sensitivity and 69.57% specificity. In addition, the AUC of miR‐21/Let‐7a in NSCLC patients was 0.8196 in comparison to patients with pulmonary inflammation diseases. Meanwhile, the sensitivity and specificity were 56.00% and 100%, respectively. Furthermore, compared with patients with benign pulmonary nodules, the AUC of miR‐21/Let‐7a in NSCLC patients was 0.7539. The sensitivity and specificity were 56.00% and 82.61%, respectively. Conclusion In the present study, our findings revealed that exosomal miR‐21/Let‐7a ratio holds considerable promise as a noninvasive biomarker for the diagnosis of NSCLC from benign pulmonary diseases.
At 6th week of embryo development, when the embryo is about 10 mm long, the lymphatic system begins to form in the human embryo (1). At the end of the embryonic stage, 6 primary lymphatic sacs are developed in the lymphatic system including 2 cervical lymphatic sacs, 2 iliac lymphatic sacs, 1 retroperitoneal lymphatic sac and 1 cisterna chyli. Lymphatic vessels develop in a similar way to blood vessels. Lymphatic sacs are fused and reconstructed to form the original lymphatic vessels, which further develop into structures such as lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes and cisterna chyli (2) The primal cisterna chyli is a bilateral lymphatic system in which the lymphatic sac of the jugular vein and the cisterna chyli are interlinked by a number of collateral anastomoses. Further fusion and reconstruction of primal cisterna chyli form mature cisterna chyli. The selective expression of genes determines the diversity of the structure and morphology of cisterna chyli as well as the complexity of thoracic duct structure (1,3). According to the report, the fusions of lymphatic vessels in this study existed in different structures including simple single tubular, double tubular, triple tubular, or plexus which were showed in 53% of lymphangiography, 50% of autopsies and 15% of abdominal magnetic resonance imaging. However, in most individuals, cisterna chyli still exist in the form of fusiform or cystic lymphangiectasia (4-8). When cisterna chyli is absent, TD is formed by a confluent lymphatic plexus (4-7). Variation of thoracic duct trunkIn 1915, Davis first proposed nine types of anatomical
Objective: The purpose of this paper was to investigate the role and mechanism of EEF1D in various diseases, especially in tumorigenesis and development, and explore the possibility of EEF1D as a biological target.Background: EEF1D is a part of the EEF1 protein complex, which can produce four protein isoforms, of which three short isoforms are used as translation elongation factors. The three short isoforms play a role in anti-aging, regulating the cell cycle, and promoting the occurrence and development of malignant tumors, and the only long-form isoform plays a role in the development of the nervous system.Methods: We searched the PubMed and Web of Science databases for literature up to January 2021 using relevant keywords, including "EEF1D", "eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 delta", "translation elongation factor", "translation elongation factor and cancer", and "translation elongation factor and nervous system disease". We then created an overview of the literature and summarized the results of the paper.Conclusions: Through the review of relevant articles, we found that EEF1D is obviously overexpressed in a variety of tumors, and can regulate the proliferation of tumor cells and tumor growth, as well as play a role in tumor invasion. EEF1D is likely to become a new biological target for tumor therapy and diagnosis.
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