Application of imaging technique in thoracic duct anatomy

Abstract

At 6th week of embryo development, when the embryo is about 10 mm long, the lymphatic system begins to form in the human embryo (1). At the end of the embryonic stage, 6 primary lymphatic sacs are developed in the lymphatic system including 2 cervical lymphatic sacs, 2 iliac lymphatic sacs, 1 retroperitoneal lymphatic sac and 1 cisterna chyli. Lymphatic vessels develop in a similar way to blood vessels. Lymphatic sacs are fused and reconstructed to form the original lymphatic vessels, which further develop into structures such as lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes and cisterna chyli (2) The primal cisterna chyli is a bilateral lymphatic system in which the lymphatic sac of the jugular vein and the cisterna chyli are interlinked by a number of collateral anastomoses. Further fusion and reconstruction of primal cisterna chyli form mature cisterna chyli. The selective expression of genes determines the diversity of the structure and morphology of cisterna chyli as well as the complexity of thoracic duct structure (1,3). According to the report, the fusions of lymphatic vessels in this study existed in different structures including simple single tubular, double tubular, triple tubular, or plexus which were showed in 53% of lymphangiography, 50% of autopsies and 15% of abdominal magnetic resonance imaging. However, in most individuals, cisterna chyli still exist in the form of fusiform or cystic lymphangiectasia (4-8). When cisterna chyli is absent, TD is formed by a confluent lymphatic plexus (4-7). Variation of thoracic duct trunkIn 1915, Davis first proposed nine types of anatomical

Laparoscopic transhiatal en‐mass thoracic duct ligation for persistent bilateral spontaneous Chylothorax: A case report

“…The limitation of our case study was that the anatomy of the thoracic duct before surgery was not studied due to a lack of lymphangiography. As the thoracic duct is known for frequent variation, 9 the chance of failure, in the case of anomalous thoracic duct, was there. Recent studies have shown successful identification of the thoracic duct with a near‐infrared imaging system by preoperative injection of indocyanine green dye in inguinal nodes under the guidance of ultrasound 10,11 .…”

Current diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for the management of lymphatic insufficiency in patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome

“…Ultrasound has many advantages in contrast to other imaging modalities that are particularly important in children. It is fast, non-invasive, avoids ionizing radiation and sedation, provides excellent spatial resolution and offer the advantage of real time imaging at bedside (59). Especially in small children acoustic windows are much better and may widen application of this technique in the future like preoperative screening for lymphatic susceptibility or helping in guiding during invasive procedures.…”

Влияние Инфразвука На Строение Стенки Грудного Протока

“…Грудной проток (ГП) как главный коллектор лимфы у человека и млекопитающих животных давно привлекает к себе внимание и неоднократно становился объектом для исследований [1,2]. Не уменьшается интерес к его морфо-функциональным особенностям и сейчас [3,4,5,6,7,8]. Большое внимание уделяется ГП и в современной хирургии, особенно торакальной [9,10,11].…”